How GPS Is Used
Nowadays, we live in a technological age, the Fourth Industrial Revolution, known as Industry 4.0 or 4IR, which envisions fast change in technology, industries, societal patterns, and processes as a consequence of enhanced interconnectivity and smart automation. This revolution is impacting almost every industry in every country and causing a tremendous change in a non-linear manner at an unprecedented rate, with implications for all disciplines, industries, and economies. Three key terms Automation, i.e., reducing human interaction in operations, Intelligent, i.e., ability to extract insights or usable knowledge from data, and Smart computing, i.e., self-monitoring, analyzing, and reporting, known as self-awareness, have become fundamental criteria in designing today's applications and systems in every sector of our lives since the current world is more reliant on technology than ever before. The use of modern smart technologies enables making smarter, faster decisions regarding the business process, ultimately increasing the productivity and profitability of the overall operation, where Artificial Intelligence (AI) is known as a leading technology in the area. The AI revolution, like earlier industrial revolutions that launched massive economic activity in manufacturing, commerce, transportation, and other areas, has the potential to lead the way of progress. As a result, the impact of AI on the fourth industrial revolution motivates us to focus briefly on "AI-based modeling" in this paper.
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a broad field of computer science concerned with building smart machines capable of performing tasks that typically require human intelligence. In other words, we can say that it aims is to make computers smart and intelligent by giving them the ability to think and learn using computer programs or machines, i.e., can think and function in the same way that people do. From a philosophical perspective, AI has the potential to help people live more meaningful lives without having to work as hard, as well as manage the massive network of interconnected individuals, businesses, states, and nations in a way that benefits everyone. Thus, the primary goal of AI is to enable computers and machines to perform cognitive functions such as problem-solving, decision making, perception, and comprehension of human communication. Therefore, AI-based modeling is the key to building automated, intelligent and smart systems according to today's needs, which has emerged as the next major technological milestone, influencing the future of practically every business by making every process better, faster, and more precise.
While today's Fourth Industrial Revolution is typically focusing on technology-driven "automation, intelligent and smart systems", AI technology has become one of the core technologies to achieve the goal. However, developing an effective AI model is a challenging task due to the dynamic nature and variation in real-world problems and data. Thus, we take into account several AI categories: The first one is "Analytical AI" with the capability of extracting insights from data to ultimately produce recommendations and thus contributing to data-driven decision-making; the Second one is "Functional AI" which is similar to analytical AI; however, instead of giving recommendations, it takes actions; the Third one is "Interactive AI" that typically allows businesses to automate communication without compromising on interactivity like smart personal assistants or chatbots; the Fourth one is "Textual AI" that covers textual analytics or natural language processing through which business can enjoy text recognition, speech-to-text conversion, machine translation, and content generation capabilities; and finally the Fifth one is "Visual AI" that covers computer vision or augmented reality fields, discussed briefly in "Why artificial intelligence in today's research and applications?".
Although the area of "artificial intelligence" is huge, we mainly focus on potential techniques towards solving real-world issues, where the results are used to build automated, intelligent, and smart systems in various application areas. To build AI-based models, we classify various AI techniques into ten categories: (1) machine learning; (2) neural networks and deep learning; (3) data mining, knowledge discovery and advanced analytics; (4) rule-based modeling and decision-making; (5) fuzzy logic-based approach; (6) knowledge representation, uncertainty reasoning, and expert system modeling; (7) case-based reasoning; (8) text mining and natural language processing; (9) visual analytics, computer vision and pattern recognition; (10) hybridization, searching and Optimization. These techniques can play an important role in developing intelligent and smart systems in various real-world application areas that include business, finance, healthcare, agriculture, smart cities, cybersecurity, and many more, depending on the nature of the problem and target solution. Thus, it is important to comprehend the concepts of these techniques mentioned above, as well as their relevance in a variety of real-world scenarios, discussed briefly in "Potential AI techniques".
Based on the importance and capabilities of AI techniques, in this paper, we give a comprehensive view on "AI-based modeling" that can play a key role towards automation, intelligent and smart systems according to today's needs. Thus, the key focus is to explain the principles of various AI techniques and their applicability to the advancement of computing and decision-making to meet the requirements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Therefore the purpose of this paper is to provide a fundamental guide for those academics and industry professionals who want to study, research, and develop automated, intelligent, and smart systems based on artificial intelligence techniques in relevant application domains.
The main contributions of this paper are therefore listed as follows:
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To define the scope of our study in terms of automation, intelligent and smart computing, and decision-making in the context of today's real-world needs.
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To explore various types of AI that includes analytical, functional, interactive, textual, and visual AI, to understand the theme of the power of artificial intelligence in computing and decision-making while solving various problems in today's Fourth Industrial Revolution.
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To provide a comprehensive view on AI techniques that can be applied to build an AI-based model to enhance the intelligence and capabilities of a real-world application.
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To discuss the applicability of AI-based solutions in various real-world application domains to assist developers as well as researchers in broadening their perspectives on AI techniques.
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To highlight and summarize the potential research issues within the scope of our study for conducting future research, system development and improvement.
The rest of the paper is organized as follows. The next section provides a background highlighting why artificial intelligence is in today's research and application. In the subsequent section, we discuss and summarize how various AI techniques can be used for intelligence modeling in various application areas. Next, we summarize various real-world application areas, where AI techniques can be employed to build automated, intelligent, and smart systems. The impact and future aspect of AI highlighting research issues have been presented in the penultimate section, and the final section concludes this paper.
Source: Iqbal Sarker, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42979-022-01043-x
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.