ENGL002: English Composition II

There are several ways to properly incorporate and give credit to the sources you cite within your paper.

Learning Objective

• Explain the different methods for using quotations or citations to differentiate your thoughts from the ideas of your sources.

Key Points

• There are three methods for referencing a source in the text of your paper: quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing.
• Direct quotations are words and phrases that are taken directly from another source, and then used word-for-word in your paper.
• A summary is typically a short description that outlines the most important points and general position of the source.
• A paraphrase is when you put another source or part of a source (such as a chapter, paragraph, or page) into your own words.
• You should follow quotes with a description, in your own terms, of what the quote says and why it is relevant to the purpose of your paper. 
• Follow the chosen style guide of your audience to properly format and cite your quotations and borrowed information.

Terms

• summary

  A short description that outlines the most important points and general position of the source.

• paraphrase

  A rewording of something written or spoken by someone else.

• quotation

  A fragment of a human expression that is being referred to by somebody else.

How to Use Your Sources in Your Paper

Within the pages of your paper, it is important to properly reference and cite your sources to avoid plagiarism and to give credit for original ideas. Depending on your audience and its chosen style guide (e.g.: APA, MLA), you will follow different methods to format your text to refer to others' work.

There are three methods for referencing a source in the text of your paper: quoting, summarizing, and paraphrasing.

Quoting

Direct quotations are words and phrases that are taken directly from another source, and then used word-for-word in your paper. If you incorporate a direct quotation from another author's text, you must put that quotation or phrase in quotation marks to indicate that it is not your language. When writing direct quotations, you can use the source author's name in the same sentence as the quotation to introduce the quoted text and to indicate the source in which you found the text. You should then include the page number or other relevant information in parentheses at the end of the phrase depending on the formatting style of your essay.

Summarizing

Summarizing a source involves distilling the main idea of a source into a much shorter overview. A summary outlines a source's most important points and general position. When summarizing a source, it is still necessary to use a citation to give credit to the original author. You must reference the author or source in the appropriate parenthetical citation at the end of the summary.

Paraphrasing

When paraphrasing a source, you may put any part of another source (such as a phrase, sentence, paragraph, or chapter) into your own words. You may find that the original source uses language that is more clear, concise, or specific than your own language, in which case you should use a direct quotation, putting quotation marks around those unique words or phrases you don't change. It is common to use a mixture of paraphrased text and quoted words or phrases as long as the direct quotations are inside of quotation marks.

Providing Context for Your Sources

Whether you use a direct quotation, summary, or paraphrased text, it is important to distinguish the original source from your ideas, and to explain how the cited source fits into your argument. While the use of quotation marks or parenthetical citations tells your reader that these are not your own words or ideas, you should follow the quote with a description, in your own terms, of what the quote says and why it is relevant to the purpose of your paper. You should not let quoted or paraphrased text stand alone in your paper, but rather, should integrate the sources into your argument by providing context and explanations about how each source supports your argument.

The Writing Process

Signaling who is saying what is an important part of the writing process.

Source: Boundless, https://www.boundless.com/writing/textbooks/boundless-writing-textbook/the-research-process-2/using-your-sources-11/incorporating-your-sources-into-your-paper-96-10295/
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