PSYCH101: Introduction to Psychology

This course makes use of the OpenStax College: Psychology textbook. You may download the textbook as a PDF here. Each section of the course using this text will also provide a link to this PDF for online reading or download.

Read Chapter 1. As you progress through this unit, consider the following study questions:

• Why do you think psychology courses like this one are often requirements of so many different programs of study?
  
• Why do you think many people might be skeptical about psychology being a science?
  
• How did the object of study in psychology change over the history of the field since the 19th century?
  

This article provides a broad answer to the question "What is psychology?" This field's name derives from the roots "psyche" (meaning soul) and "-ology" (meaning scientific study of). The major takeaway from this reading is defining the field of psychology -- the scientific study of mind and behavior. Students of psychology develop critical thinking skills, become familiar with the scientific method, and learn to recognize the complexity of behavior. After you complete the reading think about your own definitions of psychology and mental health. How have these evolved over the years?

Before moving on to the next subunit, you should be comfortable with each of the following topics:

• The importance of Wundt and James in the development of psychology;
  
• Freud’s influence on psychology;
  
• The basic tenets of Gestalt psychology; 
  
• The important role that behaviorism played in psychology’s history; 
  
• The basic tenets of humanism; and 
  
• The way the cognitive revolution shifted psychology’s focus back to the mind.
  

Read Chapter 2 to learn about the concepts surrounding the scientific method, which is the basis for conducting scientific research. Pay particular attention to section 2.3, "Approaches to Research," which covers important topics related to research methods in psychology. After reading this chapter, you will understand important terminology and concepts associated with psychological research (e.g., experimentation, causality, correlation, validity, reliability, hypothesis testing, etc.).

Read Chapter 1, which introduces you to relevant concepts in statistics and stresses the relationship between science and mathematics. As you reflect on this chapter pay special attention to the key terms of this unit, as they will be foundational to your knowledge base throughout this course.

Read Chapter 3, which introduces biopsychology. Biopsychology is a branch of psychology that analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters influence our behaviors, thoughts and feelings. This field can be thought of as a combination of basic psychology and neuroscience.

Read this chapter, which poses questions such as why is the concept of nature and nurture still studied today. Nature and nurture work together like complex pieces of a human puzzle. The interaction of our environment and genes makes us the individuals we are. As you review this unit think about yourself and how nature and nurture have aligned to make you the person you are today.

Watch this video, which provides an introduction to the variety of categories of mental disorders.

Watch this video regarding twin studies. Although researchers are working to expand and develop twin study designs and statistical methods, the assumptions question- twin study is that of equal environment, it remains a stumbling block for some researchers. However, many researchers agree that twin studies will continue to be an important tool, alongside emerging genome and molecular research methods, in shedding light on human behavioral genetics.

Read this section about the risk factors for developing Schizophrenia. It is clear that there are important genetic contributions to the likelihood that someone will develop schizophrenia, with consistent evidence from family, twin, and adoption studies.

Read Chapter 7, which will help you learn about interrelation between thinking and intelligence and their impact on the ability to acquire, process, recall and apply information.

Watch this video to learn more about different definitions of intelligence and the nature/nurture debate in the context of intelligence.

Read Chapter 15, which provides an overview on the nature of psychological disorders. Questions to ponder (based on previous readings) include how can new technologies offer the promise of lasting advances in our understanding of the causes of human psychological suffering?  Much current research is framed by the model of psychopathology portrayed in current versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Although the modern DSMs have been fundamental in advancing psychopathology research, recent research also challenges some assumptions made in the DSM -- for example, the assumption that all forms of psychopathology are well conceived of as discrete categories.

Read this selection about neurons. Before moving on to the next assigned reading, you should be comfortable with the following key terms:

• action potential
  
• axon
  
• cell membrane
  
• dendrite
  
• electrostatic pressure
  

In addition, review the critical thinking questions at the close of the chapter to support your understanding of the materials.   

Watch this video on the anatomy of a neuron. You will see what a neuron looks like and how the neuron transmits signals. Think about how many signals are transmitted at any given time -- in other words, the complex programming, which makes up a human being!

Watch this video about the action potential mechanism, which is essential for neural communication.

Watch this video, which will expand your understanding of the types of neurotransmitters and how they excite or inhibit neurons (nerve cells). Each neurotransmitter can directly or indirectly influence neurons in a specific portion of the brain, thereby affecting behavior. There are billions of nerve cells located in the brain, which do not directly touch each other. Nerve cells communicate messages by secreting neurotransmitters. Some common neurotransmitters are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin and gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA). Acetylcholine and norepinephrine are excitatory neurotransmitters while dopamine, serotonin, and GABA are inhibitory.

Watch this video from John Kihlstrom's "General Psychology" course at the University of California, Berkeley.

The nervous system consists of the brain, spinal cord, sensory organs, and all of the nerves that connect these organs with the rest of the body. Watch this video to understand how together, these organs are responsible for the control of the body and communication among its parts.

Please watch this video from John Kihlstrom's "General Psychology" course at the University of California, Berkeley.

Please watch this video from John Kihlstrom's "General Psychology" course at the University of California, Berkeley.

Read this selection to learn about forgetting and amnesia that can occur as a result of brain injuries.

Watch this video to understand the cause and effect of strokes. Pay special attention to the discussion regarding how a stroke harms a person. Because brain cells need blood to supply oxygen and nutrients and to remove waste products, when brain cells are deprived of oxygen – as happens during a stroke – they cannot function properly. In addition, as you review the physical impacts of a stroke, think about how survivors of stroke experience many changes resulting from their illness. Most people are aware of the physical changes that occur following stroke, for example paralysis or weakness on one side of the body, or difficulty with speech and language comprehension. However many people also experience some changes in their mood. For some these changes last for a short time, yet others may have ongoing problems.

Read this article, and focus especially on the split-brain operation video. Afterwards, test your knowledge by describing a split-brain patient and at least two important aspects of brain function that these patients reveal.

As you read this section, take note of the concept that sensation is what comes into our body through our sensory organs and perception is what our brain does with that information. Think about examples of how we might be tricked in the process!

Please read this section to develop a better understanding of how the physical properties of light and sound waves affect perception.

The article covers visual perception and provides information regarding the anatomy and physiology of the eye and how it relates to vision.

Please read this section, which discusses vision.

Watch this video to obtain an addition perspective on how our eyes perceive stimuli, and in particular, the different levels of perceptual organization, including depth, form, motion & constancy.

Watch this lecture John Kihlstrom’s "General Psychology" course at the University of California, Berkeley.

Read this article on the visual cortex, an area of the brain necessary for sensing and initial processing of visual objects.

Watch this video that describes how we process our visual field, and how information from the right and left visual field is broken down and sent to the brain.

Read this article on the association cortex, an area of the brain necessary for advanced stages of sensory information processing.

Read this article, which discusses the sensation and perception of hearing.

Read this section about hearing.

Watch this video to learn more about the structures and functions involved in the sense of taste.

Watch this video to learn more about the structures and functions involved in the sense of smell.

Read this section about perception.

Read this article to better understand how sleep is important in the functioning of our brain and how stages of sleep describe different levels of consciousness. This article also provides detailed information about the role of circadian rhythms in everyday functioning and explains different sleep disorders.

Read the chart on this page that describes the acute effects and the health risks of both legal and illegal drugs.

Read this article about drugs, their effects on the brain, and how psychological and physiological addictions form.

If you are interested in learning more about the science of drugs, the brain, and behavior, feel free to read the other sections of the website that discuss addiction prevention, health, treatment, and recovery.

Read Chapter 6, which covers important topics related to learning in psychology. After reading this chapter, you will understand important terminology and concepts associated with different theories of learning, including classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and modeling.

Watch this series of three lectures about learning presented by John Kihlstrom. The third lecture is optional.

Read this article.

Watch this video on classical conditioning, which is nowadays considered important as both a behavioral phenomenon and as a method to study simple associative learning.

Read this chapter about memory. Afterwards, think about memory in relation to the concept of thinking, define and explain the sensing process, memory, and the medium.

Watch this series of three lectures, which cover the main principles of memory and provides some interesting applied examples.

Read this article and think about the following questions: What do you encode? How do you get information into memory? How do you distinguish between visual encoding, acoustic encoding and semantic encoding? Why is encoding such an important step? What happens if you encode incorrectly?

Read this article and focus specifically on misinformation. Why do you think young adults are often susceptible to misinformation, but children and older adults tend to be more susceptible, even without an intention to deceive?

Read this chapter, which provides information regarding the role of memory in perception.

Watch this video for an overview of the basic theories of lifespan development. What concepts are central to all theories of development?  Contrast the four theories discussed.

Read this chapter about lifespan development. Its scope is broad, touching on a wide range of topics that address how people grow and change through the course of life.

Read this article, paying extra attention to the sections on the Harlow experiments and the "Affective Aspects of Touch Are Important for Development and Relationships" section.

Read this selection and think about what it means to “grow old”? Which psychological processes change in later life and which do not?

Compare and contrast Piaget's notion that children’s' development must necessarily precede their learning with Vygotsky’s idea that "learning is a necessary and universal aspect of the process of developing culturally organized, specifically human psychological function."

Read this article about Freud’s psychodynamic perspective. Focus on the core assumptions and phases of this model. In addition, consider Freud’s assumptions that the successful completion of each stage leads to a healthy personality as an adult while an unresolved conflict at any stage might result in fixation at that particular stage of development. Why do you agree or disagree? 

Think about the limitations of Freud's theory as you review this lecture on Freud and Psychosexual development.

Read this article and think about the importance of attachment and trust in the development of a human being throughout their lifespan.

Read this chapter and think about how our early attachment experiences with our primary caregiver influence the adult that we become.

These experiences forge our patterns of communication, emotional experience, intimate relationships, and way of living in the world. If our early attachments are secure, we learn to access and communicate adaptive feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. In contrast, if our early attachment experiences are insecure, we may struggle with dysregulated, maladaptive emotions and have difficulties in our intimate relationships – leading to anxiety, depression, and excessive or misdirected anger.

As you move forward with this reading, think about how cultural contexts and socialization, such as warmth and contingency, beginning in the early stages of human development impact a person over their lifetime.

Watch this lecture from Dr. Alison Gopnik's "Developmental Psychology" course at the University of California, Berkeley.

Read this section, in which you will review psychological disorders commonly diagnosed in childhood. While children can have similar mental health problems that adults have, like anxiety or depression, children may have difficulty with changes associated with growing up, such as beginning school. They may lag behind in comparison to how other children their age are progressing, or during stressful times, they may behave like a younger child would. Even when children do have problems that also appear in adults, the problem tends to look different in a child. Think about the differences and similarities in childhood psychological problems as those compared with adults.

Read this optional article to learn more about childhood behavior disorders, especially ADHD, from the perspective of different phases of typical child development. Think about the similarities and differences between children and adults in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders.

Read this section regarding adolescence and think about the major biological and emotional changes that occur to a person during this stage in life. Think about the challenges faced and supports needed.

Read the subheading about Erik Erikson beneath Chapter 11, Section 3 to learn about Erikson's well-supported theory of psychosocial development.

Please watch this lecture from Dr. Paul Bloom's "Introduction to Psychology" course at Yale University.

Read this chapter, which provides an overview of social psychology. Many psychologists would agree that most emotional and behavioral problems are essentially social and interpersonal problems. Not only are psychological difficulties typically caused or maintained by interpersonal processes, but also problems typically manifest themselves in the course of personal relationships. Many emotional and behavioral problems are rooted in "normal" interpersonal processes – precisely the processes that social psychology describes. As you study this unit think about how people impact one another. How does this impact our homes, community, and world?

Read this article to learn about this important theory regarding causal inferences in social psychology.

As you watch this video, consider the following questions: What happens when we consider our own behavioral attributes? Are we more likely to think we are victims of our own circumstance?

Read this article to learn about this important concept in social psychology.

Read this article to learn about Stanley Milgram’s controversial yet seminal studies on obedience. As you read this section consider Milgram’s claim that "The social psychology of this century reveals a major lesson: often it is not so much the kind of person a man is as the kind of situation in which he finds himself that determines how he will act."

Read this selection and watch the videos, which explain Milgram’s experiments.

Read this article to learn about the influence of the group on individual action (i.e., social facilitation, social loafing, deindividuation, group polarization, and groupthink).

Read this selection regarding the psychology of groups. A major controversy (real or alleged) from the last 25 years is the concept of “group think”. Think about examples of how the desire for harmony or conformity in a group could result in irrational or a dysfunctional decision-making outcome.

Read this article to learn about the research and theory related to stereotypes.

Many of us like to believe that we are in control of our own actions. However, social psychologists have often found that the attitudes, actions, and even the mere presence of other individuals can influence our behavior. As you read this section on prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping, think about how other individuals and/or social norms may affect behaviors of the individual, group, community, and world.

Read this selection about aggression and violence. Simply stated, violence, such as assault, rape or murder, is an extreme form of aggression. Violence has many causes, including frustration, exposure to violent media, violence in the home or neighborhood and a tendency to see other people's actions as hostile even when they're not. Certain situations also increase the risk of aggression, such as drinking, insults and other provocations, and environmental factors like heat and overcrowding.  Think about the impact of aggression and violence on the development of person throughout their lifespan. How can lifelong trauma impact a person’s biological and psychological development?

Watch this video on aggression and consider the following questions. As genes, cells, and DNA can cause aggression, and aggression can cause crimes, does this mean that criminals can successfully argue that it's their DNA, something they can't control, that's making them do what they do? What role does testosterone play with aggression? 

Read this chapter, which describes in detail prominent theories of emotion and motivation.

Watch this two-part lecture from Dr. Paul Bloom's "Introduction to Psychology" course at Yale University.

Read these three sections, and pay particular attention to the care and sequence in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health needs. Takeaways for you to think about upon completion of this chapter about include:

• What are the bio/psycho/social implications in the diagnosis and treatment?
  
• How might a support system help treat a person living with a major mental illness? 
  
• The fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2013a) generated great anticipation. The release of DSM-5 also presents an opportunity to address the evolution of the DSM with students and how advances in research as well as political and cultural shifts have shaped each subsequent volume. Think about the impact of culture in how we diagnosis major mental illness.
  

Read this chapter, which pertains to therapy and treatment.

Read this section pertaining to mood disorders. Mood disorders fall into the basic groups of elevated mood such as mania or hypomania, depressed mood of which the best-known and most researched is major depressive disorder (MDD) (commonly called clinical depression, unipolar depression, or major depression), and moods which cycle between mania and depression known as bipolar disorder (BD) (formerly known as manic depression). When reading this section think about the effects of mood disorders on people’s lives. Major questions to consider include what are the major mood disorders? What are the diagnostic criteria? Who is affected by mood disorders?

Read this section about various anxiety disorders. Major takeaways to consider include what are the anxiety disorders? What are the diagnostic criteria? Who is affected by anxiety disorders?

Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness characterized by incoherent or illogical thoughts, bizarre behavior and speech, and delusions or hallucinations, such as hearing voices. Schizophrenia typically begins in early adulthood. Antipsychotic drugs aren’t the only treatment people with schizophrenia need. As you read this unit, think about how medication, psychotherapy, and support can help a person diagnosed with schizophrenia regain their life.

Throughout this course we have emphasized the alignment of the mind and body. As you review this video regarding the biological basis of schizophrenia, think about how this mind-body interaction affects a person living with this illness. What are the implications of this interaction to help a person with this diagnosis live a quality life?

Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving. The study of personality focuses on two broad areas: One is understanding individual differences in particular personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability. The other is understanding how the various parts of a person come together as a whole. As you read this section, think about how the convergence of nature and nurture may contribute to a person developing a personality disorder.

Read this chapter, which discusses the fields of substance abuse treatment and family therapy. Think about how integrating family and other support systems can enhance the treatment outcomes for someone living with substance abuse issues.