Topic	Name	Description
Course Introduction	Course Syllabus
	External Art Resources	Keep this list of links to great external art resources, collections, and libraries handy. Several activities in this course will ask you to find works of art at these links. This is by no means an exhaustive list of all the great online galleries. If you find another collection you like, let us know about it!

1.1: Introduction and Definitions	Discussion Topic 1: Exposure to Art	Reflect on the following discussion prompt. If you wish, post your thoughts on the discussion forum. Leave a reply to your classmates' posts as well! What has been your prior exposure to visual art? Has it been primarily from your family? School? Social activities? Personal explorations? Do you make art? If so, what kind? What is the medium you use? What kind of style is it? Who is your audience? If you haven’t made any art, have you ever wanted to? What kind?
	Defining Art	Read this short article and consider how we define art.
	Discussion Topic 2: Defining Art	Reflect on the following discussion prompt. If you wish, please post your thoughts on the discussion forum. Leave a reply to your classmates' posts as well! Do you agree with the definition for 'art' as it is explained in this unit? Why or why not? Can you add to the definition? Is your definition coming from a subjective or objective perspective?

1.2: Form and Content	Form and Content	Understanding how to identify and think about the form and content of art is a basic first step to getting the most out of the experience of visual art. Here, we will define form and content, and begin to understand why they are important.

1.3: Aesthetics	Aesthetics	Read this short definition of aesthetics, and how it relates to works of art.
	What is Art?	Read this section to get a better understanding of aesthetics in fine art. Pay attention to the role of aesthetics as a way of articulating ideas about art from various points of view.

1.4: Subjective and Objective Perspectives	Subjective and Objective Perspectives	This page will help you differentiate between subjective and objective ways of looking at art.

1.5: Artistic Roles	Artistic Roles	This article gives an overview of the social roles that art can perform.

1.6: Artistic Categories	Artistic Categories	This article examines the distinctions between fine art, pop art, and the decorative or "craft" arts.

1.7: Artistic Styles	Artistic Styles	The search for truth in art is not limited to making accurate representations in the classical tradition of mimesis. From viewing many of the examples which use widely different approaches, you can see how individual artists use general and identifiable styles to communicate their ideas.

1.8: Cultural Styles	Cultural Styles	Art shapes and is shaped by cultural identity. Pay close attention, since the theme of art and identity recurs throughout this course.
	Representational, Abstract, and Nonrepresentational Art	This article provides contrasts between representational, non-objective, and abstract styles of art. Review to make sure you understand clearly how these styles differ from each other.

1.9: Perception and Visual Awareness	Perception and Visual Awareness	This article continues a major theme in this course: subjective versus objective analysis. An acute sense of visual awareness and perception is important for your understanding and enjoyment of art.

Artistic Process Primer	Discussion Topic 3: The Artistic Process	Reflect on this discussion prompt. If you wish, post your thoughts on the discussion forum. Consider replying to your classmates' posts as well. Who makes art? Do you think artists have innate ability or acquired skill (or both)? How do artists' roles change with different cultural considerations?

2.1: The Artistic Process	The Artistic Process	This article is an introduction to the elements involved in creating a work of art.

2.2: The Individual Artist	The Individual Artist	Artists work in a variety of ways. Read this section to get a sense of the individual differences in artists' style of work.
	Discussion Topic 4: Art21	Reflect on this discussion prompt. If you wish, post your thoughts on the discussion forum. Leave a reply to your classmates' posts as well! Watch at least five short videos from Art21. Watch how they work and what they say about their process. In your post, cover the following: List the artists you viewed. Who surprised you the most? Which artist was most concerned with the process of making the work? Which artist was most concerned with creativity in the idea for their art or the work itself? Which artist was most concerned with materials?

2.3: Artistic Training Methods	Artistic Training Methods	Read this text to understand the ways people have historically trained to become artists and how artists are trained today.

2.4: Art as a Social Activity	Art as a Social Activity	Historically, many artworks were not created by a single person, and art production today is also often the result of people working together. Read this section as an introduction to how artists collaborate with other artists as well as non-artists when producing works of art.

3.1: Objective vs. Subjective Meaning	How We See: Objective and Subjective Means	Read this section for more on the differences between objective and subjective viewing.

3.2: The Four Levels of Meaning: Formal, Subject, Context, and Iconography	The First Level of Meaning: Formal	When we see any object, we can immediately understand its form: the physical attributes of size, shape and mass, for instance. With art, this may at first appear to be simple: we can separate out each artistic element and discover how it is used in the work. You had practice doing this in the last two units. The importance of the formal level of meaning is that it allows us to look at any artwork from an objective viewpoint.
	The Second Level of Meaning: Subject	Art can be grouped into specific genres, or patterns of subject matter, that are found over time. Many of them are present in some cultures, but never present in others. These differences give us another lens for finding meaning when we approach these types and patterns of art.
	The Third Level of Meaning: Context	This article highlights the importance of understanding the context in which art is made. Pay close attention, because context, as you will have already noticed, is an important theme in this course.
	More on Context	Read this short article and watch the video, which explores the key dimensions of context as it differs between artists and viewers. How are the contextual factors different between viewers and artists?
	The Fourth Level of Meaning: Iconography	At a basic level, we can think of iconography as the conveyance of deeper meanings through simple visualizations. It makes use of symbolism to generate narrative, which in turn develops a work's meaning.

3.3: Critical Perspectives	Critical Perspectives	This article discusses some of the most important perspectives in art criticism: structural, deconstructive, formalist, ideological, psychoanalytical, and feminist.

4.1: The Basic Elements	The Point	This article is about the most basic visual element: the point.
	The Line	When you put two or more points together, you create a line between them. Put more lyrically, a line is a "point in motion". Read about the many different types of lines and their functions in art.
	Shapes and the Figure-Ground Relationship	This article defines what a shape is and how shapes are used to articulate figure-ground relationships in artworks.
	Mass	This article defines mass and its significance for two- and three-dimensional works of art.

4.2: Space, Value, Color, and Texture	The Element of Space	This section introduces the various kinds of space that artists represent in their works, and the different techniques of perspective for creating the illusion of space on a 2D surface.
	The Element of Value	Value is the relative lightness or darkness of a shape in relation to another.
	The Element of Color	In this article, you will discover color theory, which is used to guide the composition and combination of the colors in art.
	The Element of Texture	Texture is the tactile sense we get from the surface of a shape or volume, such as smooth, rough, velvety, or prickly.
	Discussion Topic 5: Objective Description and Subjective Analysis	Reflect on this discussion prompt. If you wish, post your thoughts on the discussion forum. Leave a reply to your classmates' posts as well! Find two works of art from this list of online galleries. The first work should be two-dimensional, and the second should be three-dimensional. For each one, write four sentences describing the elements present in the work using the Formalist Method. This method describes what you see in a totally objective way. Do not refer to any subject matter. Remember, be objective in your descriptions. An example might be; "The work uses a majority of organic shapes", or "It uses the complimentary colors yellow and violet for contrast". Then, for each work, write one sentence that describes your subjective reaction. An example might be "the artwork has a chaotic feeling to it", or "looking at the work made me feel lonely".

4.3: The Principles of Design	The Artistic Principles	This subunit explores the artistic principles, which are the means by which the elements in a work of art are arranged and orchestrated. They include visual balance, repetition, scale and proportion, emphasis, time and motion, unity, and variety.
	Balance	Read this article to get a sense of visual balance in art, of which there are three kinds: symmetrical, asymmetrical, and radial.
	Repetition	Repetition has a dual role in art: it can be used to organize and plan artistic elements, and it can help to create interest and command attention.
	Scale and Proportion	Like repetition, the element of scale and proportion is both a planning tool for artists and adds an attractiveness that commands the attention of the viewer.
	Emphasis	The main idea of a work of art is often expressed through the artist's treatment of the element of emphasis.
	Time and Motion	One of the problems artists face in creating static (singular, fixed images) is how to imbue them with a sense of time and motion. Some traditional solutions to this problem employ the use of spatial relationships, especially perspective and atmospheric perspective. Scale and proportion can also be employed to show the passage of time or the illusion of depth and movement. For example, as something recedes into the background, it becomes smaller in scale and lighter in value. Also, the same figure (or other form) repeated in different places within the same image gives the effect of movement and the passage of time.
	Unity and Variety	Ultimately, a work of art is the strongest when it expresses an overall unity in composition and form, a visual sense that all the parts fit together; that the whole is greater than its parts. Read this section to learn more.
	Discussion Topic 6: Objective Description of Artistic Principles	Reflect on the following discussion prompt. If you wish, post your thoughts on the discussion forum. Leave a reply to your classmates' posts as well! Find two works of art from this list of online galleries. The first work should be two-dimensional, and the second should be three-dimensional. For each one, write four sentences describing the artistic principles present in the work. Do not refer to any subject matter. Remember, be objective in your descriptions. Be objective in your descriptions. An example might be "the work makes an abundant use of pattern" or "this work uses asymmetric balance in its composition". Then, for each work, write one sentence that describes your subjective reaction. An example might be "the artwork has a dynamic feel to it" or "the scale in this work disorients me".

5.1: Two-Dimensional Media	Drawing	Drawing is the simplest, most efficient, and oldest way to communicate visual ideas.
	Painting	When most people in Western societies think of art, painting is probably the medium that comes immediately to mind. However, did you know there are actually six major distinct painting mediums?
	Printmaking	This article examines the three basic techniques of printmaking: relief, intaglio, and planar.
	Collage	Read this article to understand the development of collage as a new approach to creating 2D media.
	Discussion Topic 7: The Medium is the Message	Marshall McLuhan's quote that "the medium is the message" helps us understand the frontiers and limits of the tools we use. Artistic mediums are not only extensions of our creativity but avenues that help define changes in scale. For example, the introduction of painting extends by leaps and bounds what drawing could do. Using this list of online galleries, find one example of each two-dimensional medium we have covered: drawing, painting, printmaking and collage. Write a short summary of how the nature of each medium dictates the expression of the artist using it. In other words, what makes each medium unique, and how does it limit or expand what the artist is able to do with it?

5.2: The Camera	Discussion Topic 8: Here a Photo, There a Photo, Everywhere a Photo!	Reflect on this discussion prompt. If you wish, post your thoughts on the discussion forum. Leave a reply to your classmates' posts as well! Visual information is the key in making social networking so popular. From digital cameras to mobile phones, taking pictures has become an everyday experience for most of us. How often do you take pictures? What device do you usually use to take them? How much attention do you devote to composition, lighting or arrangement in your pictures? How do you use the images? How do you think you can improve your photos?
	Early Development	This article describes the history of the development of the camera.
	Effects on Other Media	Read this article to get a sense of how the advent of photography caused changes in the use of other two-dimensional media.
	Form and Content	Photographers must consider form and content just as much as artists in other mediums. Read on to learn more.
	Darkroom Processes	This section discusses the difficulties inherent in photography and detailed processes that occur in the darkroom.
	The Human Element	Perhaps due to its ability to recreate images as the human eye would see them, the human element is an enduring central theme in photography.
	Color Images	The use of color film changed the aesthetics of photography, which had been primarily based on black and white (greyscale) before 1935.
	Photojournalism	Because it enables artists to replicate and reproduce many copies of reality, photography lends itself naturally to reporting on human events via photojournalism.
	Modern Developments	Camera technology changed at a rapid pace. Barely three generations after Edwin Land invented the instant camera in 1947, smartphone companies began putting cameras (and sometimes more than one!) in phones.
	Time-based Media: Film, Video, and Digital	This article introduces the time-based representations in art introduced by film and video, and discusses the impact that computers and digital technology have had on the visual arts through software and interactivity.
	Discussion Topic 9: Film Study	Reflect on this discussion prompt. If you wish, please post your thoughts on the discussion forum. Leave a reply to your classmates' posts as well! The film industry is a major part of the economy and, like other artistic mediums, it reflects and anticipates the culture surrounding it, although Hollywood arguably has a culture all its own. Now, independent films (those made outside of the big Hollywood studios) are having a larger effect on audiences because they can examine themes and ideas beyond what the big studios decide to finance. How often do you see a film? Do you view films in a theatre or on other digital media? What kind of films do you like; human interest stories, action films, romances, fantasy or animation? What are your thoughts on film’s role to entertain and inform? What is your favorite film? Why?

5.3: Three-Dimensional Media	Definitions, Processes, and Sculptures	Three-dimensional art includes much more than sculpture. This article provides an overview.
	Types of Sculpture and Three-dimensional Media	Read this section on the main types of sculptural media. Make sure you can identify them by name.
	Methods	This article details the major methods involved in creating three-dimensional art: carving, casting, modeling, and construction (which is sometimes also called assemblage).
	Modern Variations of Three-Dimensional Media	Installation art and performance art are also varieties of three-dimensional art.
	Decorative Arts	The final kind of three-dimensional art we will examine is decorative art. Reflect on how decorative art is different from the other kinds of two- and three-dimensional art that we have learned about so far in this course
	Discussion Topic 10: Form and Content	Reflect on this discussion prompt. If you wish, post your thoughts on the discussion forum. Leave a reply to your classmates' posts as well! For thousands of years sculpture has (literally) been the bedrock of three-dimensional art. Carved from stone or wood, or cast in bronze, so often figurative and, from a western cultural perspective, in a realistic style. The advent of modern art in the first half of the twentieth century has radically changed the formal characteristics of sculpture and, in some cases, the content. View these three sculptures and comment on the issues of form and content in each one. Egyptian Sculpture Picasso’s Woman in the Garden Louise Bourgeois' Cell: Eyes and Mirrors

6.1: What is Architecture?	Introduction	Architecture is the art and science of designing structures and spaces for human use. Architectural design in itself is an art form realized through considerations of spatial design and aesthetics.

6.2: Traditional Methods and Materials	Methods and Materials	People have been manipulating materials in their local environment to create expressive dwelling-places since prehistory. Read this text as an introduction to traditional architectural methods and materials.

6.3: Architecture in China and East Asia	Architecture in China and East Asia	This article is an introduction to Chinese and East Asian architecture.

6.4: Cross-Cultural Influences	Cross-Cultural Influences on Architecture	This article presents several examples of how the migration and interaction of peoples from different cultures has affected architecture.

6.5: Architecture and the Industrial Revolution	Architecture and the Industrial Revolution	The Industrial Revolution brought about new needs and new capabilities for architecture and infrastructure.

6.6: Modern Architecture: A New Language	Modern Architecture: A New Language	Take your time reflecting on the concepts discussed in this article.

6.7: Post-Modern and Contemporary Architecture	Post-Modern and Contemporary Architecture	Read this introduction to some of the movements in architecture today.

6.8: Green Architecture	Green Architecture	Green architecture incorporates ecologically and environmentally sustainable practices into site preparation, materials, energy use, and waste systems.
	Discussion Topic 11: Gone Green	Using this list of online galleries or other sources you are familiar with, research and explain three examples of sustainable technologies and 'green' architecture. These could include anything from energy production sources to architectural design and engineering or urban planning models. What are your reactions to these examples? What is the context surrounding them? For example, how will they be used? What are the costs involved? Will they replace or interact with existing designs? Do you think they are good alternatives to traditional design? Be sure to cite all your research sources used for the worksheet.

7.1: Identity	Identity	In this section, we will focus on art and identity, which has been a recurring theme in this course.
	Art and Identity	Read this chapter for an in-depth discussion on this aspect of art. Make sure you can identify the ways that identity can be used as a source of material for art.

7.2: Self-Portraits	Self-Portraits	Self-portraits indicate the artist's inward gaze and present view of themselves to the world.

7.3: The Natural World	Nature	This article is an introduction to how the natural world has inspired artists throughout time.

7.4: Social, Collaborative, and Political Art	Social and Collaborative Art	This article describes the role that art can play in a society and gives several examples of how artists work collaboratively.
	Politics, Conflict, and War	The experiences of politics, conflict, and war have been represented in works of art for thousands of years. They become documents, signifiers and symbols for power, remembrance, culture, and national pride.
	Memorials	The aftermath of war gives rise to memorials as vessels of remembrance for those who died. They are literally touchstones for families, friends, communities and entire nations to grieve. As works of art, they provide a public space of honor and resolve to never forget the lives and sacrifices made by those who go to war
	Peace	Like so many other things we experience in our world that translate into art, those that engender ideas of peace and tranquility take many different forms. View some excellent examples in the article below.

8.1: Myths	Myths	This article discusses art that represent mythic figures and mythological stories.
	Meaning in Art	Read this chapter, and focus on sections 5.4.2.to 5.4.3 to understand more about the role of myths in art. Think about why the myths of antiquity might have been so appealing to artists in much later periods.

8.2: Dreams	Dreams	The influence of dreams in art is significant. Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream is an example from Elizabethan literature. Dreams provide creative subject matter for visual artists, too, and play an additional role in art through ceremony and ritual.

8.3: Spirituality	Spirituality	The art historical record is filled with works from many cultures that refer directly to spirituality.
	Art and Ritual Life	Read this chapter. How do you see practices of ritual and ceremony being different from what is usually called "religion" in discussions on art?
	Discussion Topic 12: Art and the Spirit	Reflect on this discussion prompt. If you wish, post your thoughts on the discussion forum. Leave a reply to your classmates' posts as well! Using this list of online galleries, find a work of art from a culture other than your own that represents a form of spirituality. Explain why you chose the work you did, and how it represents the spirit. You will need to understand the context in which the artwork was made and how it is used within the culture.

9.1: The Earliest Art	Prehistoric Art: Paleolithic Origins	This article will help you get a sense for the way art and representation have been an inherent part of human activity since the Paleolithic period. Note the way in which paintings recovered from that time tend to revolve around the themes of game, hunting and fertility.

9.2: Art of the Ancient Near East and Egypt	Cuneiform and the Invention of Writing	This article discusses the significance of the Ancient Near East in the development of the written word and the emergence of figural representation. Think about how the technologies of writing changed society and culture
	Sumerian Art	Read this article about the art associated with Sumer's oldest known cities, Ur and Uruk. What do these works say about the importance and role of administrative organizations in these early societies, as reflected in their artifacts?
	Victory Stele of Naram-Sin	This video discusses an important military victory commemorated in the Victory Stele of Naram-Sin. Think about why are military victories so important as a topic in sculpture of this time?
	Law Code Stele of King Hammurabi	This article discusses Hammurabi's rise to power and the stele on which his legal code was inscribed. Note what new ideas begin to emerge in this time and the role of this new medium in shaping society.
	The History of Ancient Egypt	This article covers the emergence and longevity of ancient Egyptian society and culture. Why do you think Egyptian artistic styles were so long-lasting, given what you've learned about the society and its history?
	Egyptian Art	Read about the aesthetics and social function of Egyptian art. What were the main social roles for art in Egypt?
	Materials and Techniques	Read about the methods and materials for producing Egyptian sculpture, and make sure you can describe the different processes involved.

9.3: Art in Ancient Greece and Rome	Ancient Greece and Rome	This article and video introduce the 900-year period of Antiquity, discussing the emergence of Greece and Rome and their respective arts. As you go read, note how classical themes from antiquity will emerge in later eras, such as the Renaissance, Romanticism and Academicism.
	Geometric Greek Krater	Watch this video about the Greek krater vase, one of this period's most abundant and well-documented artifacts. Take special note of the different styles of these vases as they evolved over time, and their many uses in daily life.
	The Kouros	Watch this video about the Greek kouros sculptures, which represented ideas of male beauty. Think about what was new in the development of this art form.
	Polykleitos' Doryphoros	Watch this video about Roman sculpture and its relationship to Greek precedents. Roman and Greek art are often compared with each other, given the strong influence of the latter on the former. What do you see as being similar and different in the styles of the Greeks and Romans?
	Nike of Samothrace	Watch this video about the Nike of Samothrace sculpture and its reconstruction. How much do you think a major reconstruction of art might change the original experience and meaning?
	Augustus of Primaporta	This video and article discuss the Augustue of Primaporta sculpture, its connection to Greek aesthetics and the Roman political context. What ideas of Roman political culture do you see being manifest in the artwork?

9.4: Art During the Middle Ages	Early Christian Art: An Introduction	Read this excellent introduction to art and early Christianity. What do you see as the main differences between art of this era and the preceding ones?
	Early Christian Art and Architecture After Constantine	Read this article, which discusses the importance of the legalization of Christianity by Constantine for the development of Christian art. Note the impact of the political realities on developments in art.
	Byzantine Art: Justinian and His Attendants	Watch this video, which discusses of a mosaic in the church of San Vitale in Ravenna. "Byzantine art" refers to art that bears the influence of the Byzantine Empire's Christian art style. Mosaic was one of the preferred mediums of Byzantine art. Reflect upon the formal qualities of this art form, asking why it might have been a medium of choice for Christianity in its early stages.
	'Barbarian' Art	Read this article to get a sense of the different populations in Europe during the Middle Ages, and to gain an understanding of the meaning of the word "Barbarian".
	Fibulae	Read this article to learn about the formal qualities associated with Barbarian art through examples of one of its common artistic objects: the brooch.
	Ottonian Art: St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim (1001–1031)	This article explores the cultural and artistic developments in the Saxon Empire. What forms remind you of Barbarian art and what forms remind you of Roman art? What historical background can help explain the varied elements of style present in Ottonian art and architecture?
	Romanesque	The name gives it away: Romanesque architecture is based on Roman architectural elements. The rounded Roman arch is the literal basis for structures built in this style.
	Gothic Art: Jamb Figures, Chartres	Read this article to understand the role that some forms of sculpture played in Gothic architecture. How does sculpture of this period differ from earlier ones?
	English Gothic Architecture	This article discusses the architectural innovations associated with the Gothic style of architecture. Many of the advances in building techniques that took place during the Gothic period were achieved with the goals of building higher structures and creating brighter interiors.

9.5: European Art During the Renaissance	Cimabue's Trinita Madonna and Giotto's Ognissanti Madonna	Watch this video to understand the new formal qualities that made their way into art during the transitional phase between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.
	Florence in the Early Renaissance	Read this learn about the intellectual climate associated with the Renaissance.
	Masaccio's Holy Trinity	Masaccio's Holy Trinity exemplifies the ideals of the Early Renaissance in Florence.
	Flanders	Read this short article about Flanders, the site of another 'Renaissance' in European art.
	Campin's Merode Altarpiece	Watch this video to get a sense for how the ideas and ideals of the Renaissance started taking shape in Northern art.
	High Renaissance	Read this introduction to the art of the High Renaissance. What distinguishes art of this time from the earlier Renaissance periods? What new ideas are artists using at this time?
	Raphael's School of Athens	Raphael is one of the masters of the High Renaissance. This article explains why his work is considered so significant to this period.
	Leonardo Da Vinci's The Last Supper	Read this article and watch the video, which discuss Leonardo Da Vinci's The Last Supper, an artwork often considered exemplary in terms of its expression of High Renaissance values.
	Michaelangelo's David	Watch this video for a description of the sculpture by Michelangelo, another master of the High Renaissance. How does his work seem to differ from that of others, such as da Vinci and Raphael?

9.6: Baroque and Rococo Art	1600–1700: The Baroque	Watch this video, which discusses and compares artworks from Protestant Holland and Catholic Flanders. Reflect and take notes upon how the differing religious contexts of these two regions affected the form and content of their art.
	Baroque Art in Italy	This article explains the historical forces at play in the creation of the exuberant Baroque style in Italy during the 17th century.
	Poussin's Landscape with Saint John and Rape of the Sabines	Watch this video to get a sense for the distinctive classicizing style of French art in the 17th century.

9.7: 18th and 19th Century European Art	Fragonard's The Swing	Rococo is characterized by a light, erotic, exuberant style, which emerged in 18th-century France.
	Neoclassicism	In contrast to Rococo, Neoclassical art is stark, classicizing, and idealistic.
	Romanticism	Watch this video for a discussion of the Romantic style as it emerged in 19th-century Europe. Take note of the distinction between the Romantic style and the Neoclassical style.
	1848–1907: The Industrial Revolution	This video discusses various art styles associated with the rapidly-changing European societies of the second half of the 19th century. Take note of the innovations associated with Realist, Impressionist, and Post-Impressionist art.
	Becoming Modern	Read this article, which discusses the forces that helped shape what we call "Modernism" and some of its characteristics.

9.8: Modern Art: Realism vs. Academic Art	Realism	Read this article to get a sense of why, how, and when Realism emerged as an artistic movement.
	Courbet's A Burial at Ornans	Watch this video on an important Realist work by Courbet. What makes this work an especially good example of the Realist movement in art?
	The Stonebreakers	Read this article to get a sense of why Realism is considered a socially-conscious artistic movement.
	Manet's Le déjeuner sur l'herbe (Luncheon on the Grass)	After Courbet, Manet is historically the most significant Realist painter. Watch this video about one of his works.
	Édouard Manet's Olympia	Watch this video and read the accompanying article. They discuss an important artwork by the Realist painter Manet. Take note of its modern characteristics, as well as how it was received by its contemporary audience.

9.9: Impressionism	Impressionism	This article introduces Impressionism, which was the movement that emerged after Realism. What were the main ideas that drove the development of this new artistic movement?
	Monet's Rouen Cathedral Series	Watch this video, which discusses a series of paintings done by artist Claude Monet that are good representatives of the Impressionist movement as a whole.
	Renoir's Moulin de la Galette	Watch this video about a historically significant Renoir painting. A still image of 'Moulin de la Galette' has been provided so that you may study the points made in the video more closely.

9.10: Post-Impressionism	Post-Impressionism: Seurat's A Sunday on La Grande Jatte – 1884	Watch this video, which discusses an artwork by Georges Seurat. What characteristics of A Sunday on La Grande Jatte – 1884 can be considered reactions to Impressionism?
	Van Gogh's Portrait of Joseph Roulin	Take note of the discussion of structure and color in Van Gogh's Portrait of Joseph Roulin.
	Cézanne's Still Life with Apples	Watch this video and read the article, both of which discuss an artwork by the Post-Impressionist painter Paul Cézanne. Take note of Cézanne's relationship to older artistic traditions, how he at once reflected on visual traditions (including Impressionism) and innovated through form.
	Gauguin's Vision after the Sermon (Jacob Wrestling with the Angel)	Watch this video, which discusses artwork by Post-Impressionist painter Paul Gauguin. According to Beth Harris and Steven Zucker, how is Gauguin's use of color innovative?

9.11: The Early 20th Century	A Beginner's Guide to Fauvism	Read this article for an introduction to Fauvism.
	Italian Futurism: An Introduction	Read this article on Futurism in Italy, and then be sure to check out several of the other articles and videos about Futurism and Dadaism in the context of World War I.
	Art Between the Wars: The Avant-Garde and the Rise of Totalitarianism	Read and watch all the materials on this page related to surrealism, Latin American modernism, and American art through World War II.

9.12: World War II and Beyond	Art in Nazi Germany	Read this article about the influence of Nazi Germany on the art historical record, and how the concepts of decadent art was used to promote a state-sanctioned view of art.
	Abstract Expressionism and the New York School	Read and watch the resources on this page about Abstract Expressionism and the New York School. Make sure you that you focus on the ideas that informed the artists associated with this movement.
	Architecture	Read and watch all the material on this page, which covers architecture after World War II. Pay attention especially to historical periods and geographic contexts.

Study Guide	ARTH101 Study Guide

Course Feedback Survey	Course Feedback Survey

ARTH101 Images	Banksia coccinea	Banksia coccinea (Illustrationes Florae Novae Hollandiae plate 3) This image is in the public domain.
	Young Hare	Albrecht Durer, Young Hare, c. 1505, gouache and watercolor on paper. This image is in the public domain.
	Imperial Portrait of Emperor Xianfeng	咸丰皇帝朝服像 Imperial Portrait of Emperor Xianfeng, China, c. 1855. Palace Museum, Bejing. This image is in the public domain.
	Bust of Nefertiti	Egyptian, Bust of Nefertiti, painted sandstone, c. 1370 BCE, Neues Museum, Berlin. Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share-Alike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Nina Aldin Thune, and the original version can be found here.
	Gandhara Buddha	Gandhara Buddha from India This image is in the public domain.
	Mona Lisa	Leonardo Da Vinci, Mona Lisa, c. 1503-19. Oil on poplar. 30,” The Louvre, Paris. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Public Mural, Seattle	Public Mural, Seattle. The material abovehas been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without the explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Street handbills	Street handbills. The material above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Ceramic Bowl, Mexico	Ceramic bowl, Mexico. Date unknown. Painted clay. Anahuacalli Museum, Mexico City. Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. It is attributed to Alejandro Linares Garcia and the original version can be found here.
	Landscape, New Mexico	Marsden Hartley, Landscape, New Mexico, about 1916. Pastel on paper. The Brooklyn Museum, New York. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Roman Bust of Sappho	Roman bust of Sappho. Capitoline Museum, Rome. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	African mask photo by Cezary Piwowarski	African mask photo by Cezary Piwowarski. Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Cezary Piwowarski, and the original version can be found here.
	Casco y collera de lobo tlingit (M. América, Madrid) 01	Casco y collera de lobo tlingit (M. América, Madrid) 01 Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Louis Garcia, and the original version can be found here.
	A Vanitas	A Vanitas, by Edward Collier This image is in the public domain.
	Page from the Book of Kells	Page from the Book of Kells, around 800 CE. Trinity College, Dublin. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	The Sequence	Arne Quinze, The Sequence, 2008. Wood. Installed at the Flemish Parliament Building, Brussels. This image in the public domain.
	Veil of Venus	Veil of Venus. The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Foggy Landscape	Foggy Landscape. The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Gold Mask	Gold Mask Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Xuan Che and the original version can be found here.
	Migrant Mother	Dorthea Lange, Migrant Mother, 1936. Photograph. Farm Security Administration collection, U.S. Library of Congress. This image is in the public domain.
	The Lincoln Memorial	The Lincoln Memorial, Washington, D.C. Photo by Jeff Kubina Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Jeff Kubina, and the original version can be found here.
	Franzi in Front of a Carved Chair	Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Franzi In Front of A Carved Chair, 1910, oil on canvas, Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum, Madrid Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	La Parade de Cirque	Georges Seurat, La Parade de Cirque, detail, 1887-89. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. This image is in the public domain.
	Lightning Storm Over Boston	Lightning Storm Over Boston, NOAA. This image is in the public domain.
	Las Meninas	Diego Velazquez, Las Meninas, 1656, oil on canvas, 125.2" x 108.7", Prado, Matrid This image is in the public domain.
	Laocoon Group	Laocoon Group, Roman copy of Greek original, Vatican Museum, Rome. Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Marie-Lan Nguyen.
	Straight or Classic Lines	Straight or Classic Lines The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Expressive or Organic Lines	Expressive or Organic Lines The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Outline or Contour Line	Outline or Contour Line The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Cross Contour Lines	Cross Contour Lines The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Hatch Lines	Hatch Lines The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Cross-Hatch Lines	Cross-Hatch Lines The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Jagged Line - Meandering, Organic Line	Jagged Line - Meandering, Organic Line The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Ways of Creating Shapes	Ways of creating shapes The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Implied Planes on a 2-dimensional Surface	Implied Planes on a 2-dimensional Surface The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Landscape with the Fall of Icarus	Landscape with the Fall of Icarus, Peter Breughel the Elder, 1558. Musee des Beaux-arts, Brussels. This image is in the public domain.
	Eve After the Fall	Eugene Delaplanche, Eve after the Fall, 1869. Marble. Musee d’Orsay, Paris. Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Rama, and the original version can be found here.
	Gedenkfigur Kamerun	Gedenkfigur Kamerun. Berlin-Dahlem Terms of Use: This work is in the public domain.
	One Point Perspective	One Point Perspective HL = horizon line. VP = vanishing point The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	The Last Supper	Leonardo da Vinci, 'The Last Supper,' 1498. Fresco.Santa Maria della Grazie. Terms of Use: This work is in the public domain.
	Two Point Perspective	Two Point Perspective The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Three Point Perspective	Three-point perspective (with vanishing points above and below the horizon line shown at the same time). Terms of Use: Design by Shazz, licensed under Creative Commons
	Third Court of the Topkapi Palace	Third Court of the Topkapi Palace, from the Hunername, 1548. Ottoman miniature painting. Topkapi Museum, Instanbul. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Castle at La Roche Guyon	George Braque ‘Castle at La Roche Guyon’ 1909 Oil on canvas. Stedelijk van Abbe Museum, Eindhoven, Netherlands. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	The Sunblind	Juan Gris, The Sunblind, 1914, Gouache, collage, chalk and charcoal on canvas. Tate Gallery, London. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Brancusi's Studio	Edward Steichen, Brancusi’s studio, 1920. Metropolitan Museum, New York Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Value Scale	Value scale Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Two-Dimensional Shapes	Two-dimensional shapes Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	With Value	With value, the shapes take on the illusion of three-dimensional forms Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Guiditta Decapitates Oloferne	Caravaggio, Guiditta Decapitates Oloferne, 1598, oil on canvas. National Gallery of Italian Art, Rome Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	The Visible Light Spectrum	The Visible Light Spectrum Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.
	The Visible Light Spectrum 2	The Visible Light Spectrum Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.
	The Color Wheel	The Color Wheel Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.
	Additive Color	Additive Color Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.
	Subtractive Color	Subtractive Color Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.
	Hue and Value	Hue and Value Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.
	Chroma	Chroma Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.
	Analogous Colors	Analogous Colors Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Sets of Warm/Cool Pairs	Sets of Warm/Cool Pairs Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Complementary Colors	Complementary Colors Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Split Complementary Color Scheme	Split complement color scheme: yellow, violet blue and violet red Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Color Subtraction Example	A color subtraction example where the same orange hue appears more yellow against a red background Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Color Shift Example	Color Shift Example Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Self Portrait, Vincent van Gogh	Self Portrait, Vincent van Gogh, 1889, oil on canvas. Musee d'Orsay, Paris. Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.
	Still Life in the Artist's Studio	Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre, Still Life in the Artist’s Studio, 1837 Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.
	Balance	Balance Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Examples of Visual Balance	Examples of Visual Balance Left: Symmetrical. Middle: Asymmetrical. Right: Radial. Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder
	Moon Jellyfish	Moon Jellyfish, digital image, Luc Viator Terms of Use: The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Luc Viator, and the original version can be found here.
	Madonna of Humility	Sano di Peitro, Madonna of Humility, c.1440, tempera and tooled gold and silver on panel. Brooklyn Museum, New York. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Gateway Arch	Eero Saarinen, Gateway Arch, 1963-65, stainless steel, 630’ high. St. Louis, Missouri. Terms of Use: The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Eero Saarinen, and the original version can be found here.
	Tilted Spheres	Richard Serra, Tilted Spheres, 2002–04, Cor-ten steel, 14’ x 39’ x 22’. Pearson International Airport, Toronto, Canada. Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Richard Serra, and the original version can be found here.
	Poster from the Library of Congress Archives	Poster from the Library of Congress Archives Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.
	Still Life with Apples and Grapes	Claude Monet, Still Life with Apples and Grapes, 1880, oil on canvas. The Art Institute of Chicago. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Shinagawa on the Tokaido	Hiroshige, 'Shinagawa on the Tokaido,' ukiyo-e print, after 1832. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Reclining Figure	Henry Moore, Reclining Figure, 1951. Painted bronze. Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge. Photo by Andrew Dunn. Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Henry Moore, and the original version can be found here.
	Tibetan Mandala of the Six Chakravartins	Tibetan Mandala of the Six Chakravartins, c. 1429-46. Central Tibet (Ngor Monestary). Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Australian Aboriginal Softwood Coolamon	Australian aboriginal softwood coolamon with acrylic paint design Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Malila Diptych	Alfredo Arreguin, Malila Diptych, 2003. Washington State Arts Commission Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Alfredo Arreguin.
	Pieta	Michelangelo, 'Pieta', 1499, marble. St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Stanislav Traykov, and the original version can be found here.
	The Third of May, 1808	Francisco de Goya y Lucientes, 'The Third of May, 1808', 1814. Oil on canvas. The Prado Museum, Madrid Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Eadweard Muybridge, sequences of himself throwing a disc, using a step and walking	Eadweard Muybridge, sequences of himself throwing a disc, using a step and walking Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.
	Fujimi Fuji View Field	Fujimi Fuji View Field in the Owari Province Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Self Portrait Under the Influence of Morphine	Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, 'Self Portrait Under the Influence of Morphine', around 1916. Ink on paper. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Standing Nude with Drapery	Gaston Lachiase, 'Standing Nude with Drapery', 1891. Graphite and ink on paper. Honolulu Academy of Arts. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Charcoal	Left: vine charcoal sticks. Right: compressed charcoal squares. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Pastels	Pastels Terms of Use: The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Clementina, and the original version can be found here.
	Flag	Jasper Johns, 'Flag', encaustic, oil, and collage on fabric mounted on plywood Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to eschipul, and the original version can be found here.
	The Crevole Madonna	Duccio, 'The Crevole Madonna', c. 1280. Tempera on board. Museo dell’Opera del Duomo, Siena, Italy Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	The Crevole Madonna Detail	The Crevole Madonna Detail Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Dante's Divine Comedy	Domenico di Michelino, 'Dante’s Divine Comedy', 1465, buon fresco, the Duomo, Florence, Italy Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Flowers in a Vase	Jan Brueghel the Elder, 'Flowers in a Vase', 1599. Oil on wood. Kunsthistorisches Museum, Wien, Germany. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Cityscape #1	Richard Diebenkom, 'Cityscape #1' Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to rocor, and the original version can be found here.
	Watercolor and Light	Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Wash versus Dry Brush	Examples of watercolor painting techniques: on the left, a wash. On the right, dry brush effects Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Boy in a Red Vest	Paul Cezanne, 'Boy in a Red Vest', c. 1890. Watercolor on paper Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Basic Printmaking Techniques	An illustration of the basic techniques used in printmaking Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Bar	Carl Eugene Keel, 'Bar', 2006. Woodcut print on paper Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Carl Eugene Keel, and the original version can be found here.
	Boathouse	Christopher Gildow, 'Boathouse', 2007, from the Stillaguamish Series. Reduction woodcut print Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Correccion	Francisco Goya, 'Correccion', 1799. Etching on paper Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain. Private collection, used by permission.
	Lithographic Stone	Lithographic stone is on the left with the negative image. Printed positive image is on the right Terms of Use: This image is licensed under a GNU Free Documentation License. Image by Chris73.
	A Brush for the Lead	Currier and Ives, 'A Brush for the Lead; New York Flyers on the Snow', 1867. Lithograph. Library of Congress Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	TeeshirtCopyleft Cadre	TeeshirtCopyleft Cadre Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Meul, and the original version can be found here.
	Seattle Mural	Paul Horiuchi, 'Seattle Mural', 1962. Glass mosaic. The Seattle Center Terms of Use: This imageis licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Joe Mabel, and the original version can be found here.
	Apertures	1. Large aperture. 2. Small aperture. Terms of Use: The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Dicklyon, and the original version can be found here.
	Boulevard du Temps	Louis Daguerre, 'Boulevard du Temps', 1838 Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Latticed Window at Lacock Abbey	William Henry Fox Talbot, 'Latticed Window at Lacock Abbey', 1835. Photographic print. National Museum of Photography, Film and Television collection, England Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Portrait of Ellen Terry	Julia Margaret Cameron, 'Portrait of Ellen Terry', 1864. Carbon print. The Royal Photographic Society, United Kingdom Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Paolo and Francesca	George Frederic Watts, 'Paolo and Francesca', c. 1865. Oil on canvas. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Safelight Used in the Darkroom	Safelight used in the darkroom Terms of Use: The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License (HTML). It is attributed to Douglas Whitaker and the original version can be found here.
	Photograph of the body of water with dodge and burn text overlaid	Photograph of the body of water with dodge and burn text overlaid in order to give an example of the two effects Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Taos Pueblo	Ansel Adams, 'Taos Pueblo', 1942. Black and white photograph. Collection of the National Archives, Washington, D.C. Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Conf Dead at Chancellorsville	Conf Dead at Chancellorsville Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Landing Craft at Omaha Beach	Robert F. Sargent, 'Landing Craft at Omaha Beach', June 6, 1944. Black and White photograph. United States Coast Guard photo Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Polaroid SX-70 Instant Camera	Polaroid SX-70 Instant Camera Terms of Use: The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Cburnett and the original version can be found here.
	Golden Gate Bridge Retouched	Golden Gate Bridge Retouched Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to David Ball, and the original version can be found here.
	Sequence of a Horse Jumping	Eadweard Muybridge, 'Sequence of a Horse Jumping', 1904 Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	The Visitation	Jacopo Pontormo, 'The Visitation', 1528, oil on canvas. The Church of San Francesco e Michele, Carmignano, Italy Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Venus of Willendorf	'Venus of Willendorf', c.25,000 BCE. Natural History Museum, Vienna Terms of Use: The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License (HTML). It is attributed to Oke and the original version can be found here.
	Banteay Srei Bas-Relief	Bas-relief sculpture at the temple Banteay Srei, Angor, Cambodia. 10th century. Sandstone Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License. It is attributed to Christophe Archambault, and the original version can be found here.
	Supernatural Mask	Supernatural Mask Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Adam Collins, and the original version can be found here.
	David	Michelangelo, 'David', 1501, marble, 17’ high. Galleria dell’Accademia, Florence Terms of Use: The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to David Gaya, and the original version can be found here.
	William Seward	Richard Brooks, 'William Seward', bronze on stone pedestal, c. 1909 Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Jimi Hendrix	Daryl Smith, 'Jimi Hendrix', 1996, bronze. Broadway and Pine, Seattle Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. It is attributed to David Herrera, and the original version can be found here.
	Fountain	George Tsutakawa, 'Fountain'. Bronze, running water. City of Seattle Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Tom Magliery, and the original version can be found here.
	Embankment	Rachel Whiteread, 'Embankment', 2005. The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License. It is attributed to Fin Fahey, and the original version can be found here.
	Saarinen Tulpanstolen	Saarinen Tulpanstolen The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Holger Ellgaard, and the original version can be found here.
	Shaker Style Staircase	Shaker style staircase, Pleasant Hill, Kentucky. Photo by Jack Boucher, National Parks Service Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Antique Tabriz Persian Carpet	Antique Tabriz Persian Carpet The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Nazmiyal, and the original version can be found here.
	Sioux Tobacco Bag	Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Cinerary Urn	Cinerary Urn, Roman. C. 1st century CE. Blown glass. National Archaeological Museum, Spain. Photo: Luis Garcia Zaqarbal Terms of Use: The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Luis Garcia Zaqarbal, and the original version can be found here.
	The Holy City	Louis Comfort Tiffany, 'The Holy City', stained glass window, Brown Memorial Presbyterian Church, Baltimore, Maryland. 1905 Terms of Use: The image above has been reposted by the kind permission of James G. Howe. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Chair	Henry van de Velde, Chair, 1895. Wood, woven fiber Terms of Use: The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Chris73, and the original version can be found here.
	Ant Chair	Arne Jacobsen, 'Ant Chair', 1952. Steel and wood Terms of Use: The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Arkines, and the original version can be found here.
	Turkman Woman and Yurt	Turkman woman standing at the entry to a grass and hide covered yurt. Collection of the Library of Congress Prints and Images File Terms of Use: This image is not to be reproduced for commercial purposes.
	Restoration of Interiors, Catalhoyuk, Turkey	Restoration of interior, Catalhoyuk, Turkey http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Catal_H%C3%BCy%C3%BCk_Restauration_B.JPGThe image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Stipich Bela, and the original version can be found here.
	Stonehenge from the Northeast	Stonehenge from the Northeast Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Post and Lintel Support in Contemporary Use	Post and Lintel Support in Contemporary Use Terms of Use: This image has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Greek and Roman Capitals	Greek and Roman Capitals. Top row: Tuscan (L), Doric (R). Middle Row: Ionic. Bottom Row: Corinthian (L) and a composite Ionic Corinthian (R) Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Athenes Parthenon	2006 01 21 Athènes Parthénon Terms of Use: This image is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Harietta171, and the original version can be found here.
	Floor Plan of the Parthenon	Floor Plan of the Parthenon Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Colonnade at St. Peter's Square	Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 'Colonnade at St. Peter’s Square', the Vatican. 1656-67. Photo by D.F. Malan Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Francois Malan, and the original version can be found here.
	Contemporary Colonnade	Contemporary colonnade Terms of Use: This image has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	The Colosseum	'The Colosseum', Rome, Italy. 1st Century CE. Photo: David Iliff Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.5 License. It is attributed to David Iliff, and the original version can be found here.
	Roman Aqueduct	'Roman Aqueduct', c. 1st century CE Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Dome of the Pantheon	'Dome of the Pantheon with oculus', Rome. 126 CE Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Dennis Jarvis, and the original version can be found here.
	Arc Boutant Eglise Saint Denis	Arc Boutant Eglise Saint Denis Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Church of St. Dennis	'Church of St. Denis', France. 7th -12th centuries CE Terms of Use: This image is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to MOSSOT, and the original version can be found here.
	Doges Palace	'The Doges Palace', 1309 CE, viewed from St. Mark’s Square, Venice, Italy Terms of Use: This image is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Emustonen, and the original version can be found here.
	Doges Palace	'The Doges Palace', 1309 CE, viewed from St. Mark’s Square, Venice, Italy Terms of Use: This image is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Emustonen, and the original version can be found here.
	The Great Wall of China at Badaling	Samxli, 'The Great Wall of China at Badaling', China, begun 5th century BCE, Stone Terms of Use: This image is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License. It is attributed to Samxli, and the original version may be found here.
	Zhaozhou Bridge	Li Chun, 'Zhaozhou Bridge', China. Stone. 595 CE Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Hall of Divine Might	Saad Akhtar, 'Hall of Divine Might', located in the Forbidden City, Beijing Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License. It is attributed to Saad Akhtar, and the original version can be found here.
	Sagami Temple, detail	663highland, 'Sagami Temple', detail, 745 CE, Hyogo Prefecture, Japan Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to 663highland, and the original version can be found here.
	Silk Road Map	Silk Road Map Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Dome of the Rock	David Baum, 'Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount', Jerusalem. 5th century CE Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to David Baum, and the original version can be found here.
	Dome of the Rock, Wall Detail	Wayne McClean, 'Dome of the Rock', wall detail, Jerusalem Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Wayne McClean, and the original version can be found here.
	The Louvre Pyramid	Nick Rossino, 'The Louvre Pyramid', 1989, I.M. Pei Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non-Commercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Nick Rossino, and the original version can be found here.
	The Eiffel Tower	Benh Lieu Song, 'The Eiffel Tower', 1889. Gustave Eiffel. Iron, wood and glass, Paris Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Benh Lieu Song, and the original version can be found here.
	Reinforced Concrete Structure	Rebar being set in place for the foundation of a sewage treatment plant pump station Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License. It is attributed to Argyriou, and the original version can be found here.
	Prudential Building 1	Louis Sullivan, 'The Prudential Building', (Also known as the Guaranty Building), 1894, Buffalo, NY. Photo: Jack E. Boucher. Collection Historic American Buildings Survey, National Archives, Library of Congress Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Prudential Building 2	Louis Sullivan, 'The Prudential Building', (Also known as the Guaranty Building), 1894, Buffalo, NY. Photo: Jack E. Boucher. Collection Historic American Buildings Survey, National Archives, Library of Congress Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Bauhaus	Walter Gropius, 'Bauhaus', 1924, Dessau, Germany Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Schroder House	Gerrit Rietveld, 'Schroder House', 1924. Utrecht, The Netherlands Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. It is attributed to Husky, and the original version can be found here.
	IBM Plaza	J. Crocker, 'IBM Plaza', Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, 1971, Chicago, Illinois Terms of Use: This image is attributed to J. Crocker, and the original image can be found here.
	Falling Water	Sxenko, 'Falling Water', Frank Lloyd Wright, Bear Run, Pennsylvania. 1937 Terms of Use: The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License. It is attributed to Sxenko, and the original version can be found here.
	Guggenheim Museum	Martyn Jones, 'Guggenheim Museum', interior, New York City Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Martyn Jones, and the original version can be found here.
	Casa Batllo	Tato Grasso, 'Casa Batllo', Antoni Gaudi, 1905, Barcelona, Spain Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License. It is attributed to Tato Grasso, and the original version can be found here.
	Sagrada Familia	Bernard Gagnon, 'La Sagrada Familia' Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Bernard Gagnon, and the original version can be found here.
	Portland Municipal Services Building	Steve Morgan, 'Portland Municipal Services Building', Michael Graves,1982, Portland, Oregon Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Steve Morgan, and the original version can be found here.
	Seattle Washington Urban Skyline	Seattle, Washington urban skyline Terms of Use: This image has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	The Experience Music Project	Chris Gildow, 'The Experience Music Project', Frank Gehry, 2000. Seattle Washington. Detail of the west façade with the monorail passing through Terms of Use: This image has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Norpark Rail Station	Hafelekar, 'Norpark Rail Station', Zaha Hadid, Innsbruck, Austria. 2004-2007 The image above is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Hafelekar, and the original version can be found here.
	Ballard Branch, Seattle Public Library	Chris Gildow, 'Ballard Branch, Seattle Public Library', Bohlin Cynwinski Architects. 2005 Terms of Use: This image has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Green Roof, Ballard Branch, Seattle Public Library	Chris Gildow, 'Green Roof, Ballard Branch, Seattle Public Library, with skylights' Terms of Use: This image has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Tjibaou Cultural Center	Fanny Schertzer, 'Tjibaou Cultural Center', Renzo Piano, New Caledonia. 1998. Detail showing wind filter Terms of Use: The image above is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It is attributed to Fanny Schertzer, and the original version can be found here.
	Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss	Eric Pouhier, 'Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss', Antonio Canova, 1787-1793, marble. Louvre, Paris, France Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Eric Pouhier, and the original version can be found here.
	Saint Michael and the Dragon	Adrian Fletcher, 'Saint Michael and the Dragon', stone bas-relief with traces of polychrome. Early Christian period. The Louvre, Paris, France Terms of Use: This image has been reposted with permission for educational, noncommercial use by Adrian Fletcher. It can be viewed in its original form here.
	The Nightmare	Henry Fuseli, 'The Nightmare', 1781. Oil on canvas. The Detroit Institute of Arts Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to wartberg.edu, and the original version can be found here.
	Adoration of the Lamb	Jan Van Eyck, 'Adoration of the Lamb', detail from the Ghent Altarpiece, 1432. Oil on panel Terms of Use: This material is in the public domain.
	Name of God	Hans Osman, 'Name of God', 17th century. Arabic calligraphy Terms of Use: This material is in the public domain.
	Islamic Name of God and Geometric Decorative Design	Chris Gildow, 'Islamic Name of God and Geometric Decorative Design', mosaic. Mosque exterior, Mountlake Terrace, Washington Terms of Use: This image has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Five Deity Mandala	'Five Deity Mandala', Tibet, 17th century Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Dia Tang Buddhist Temple	Chris Gildow, 'Dia Tang Buddhist Temple', exterior. Lynwood, Washington Term of Use: This image has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Ogbodo Enyi (Elephant Spirit)	Chris Gildow, 'Ogbodo Enyi (Elephant Spirit)' mask, Igbo culture, Nigeria. Wood and pigment. Collection of Simon Ottenberg Terms of Use: This image has been reposted by the kind permission of Chris Gildow. Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Manua Mask	'Manua Mask', Papua New Guinea. c. 1890. 37” x 18” x 10”. Wood, sea sponge, snail apercula, pigment. Los Angeles County Museum of Art Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Egyptian Scribe	Egyptian, 'Scribe', 5th dynasty (2500 – 2350 BCE), painted limestone. The Louvre, Paris Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Rama, and the original version can be found here.
	Faiyum Mummy Portrait	Roman, 'Faiyum Mummy Portrait', c.1st century CE. State Collections of Antiquities, Munich Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain
	California Artist	Robert Arneson, 'California Artist', 1982. Stoneware with glazes. San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. Image by Geoffrey A. Landis Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 License. It is attributed to Geoffrey Landis, and the original version can be found here.
	Wall Scroll	Ma Lin, 'Wall Scroll', 1246. Ink on silk. National Palace Museum, Taiwan Terms of Use: This material is in the public domain.
	Loquats and Mountain Bird	'Loquats and Mountain Bird', Chinese, Song Dynasty (1127–1279). National Palace Museum, Beijing Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Audubon Carolina Parakeet	'Audubon Carolina Parakeet'
	Machu Picchu Archeological Site	Colby Chester, 'Machu Picchu Archeological Site', detail Terms of Use: Please note that this material is under copyright and cannot be reproduced in any capacity without explicit permission from the copyright holder.
	Machu Picchu	Martin St-Amant, 'Machu Picchu' Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Martin St-Amant, and the original version can be found here.
	Haida Totems	'Haida Totems', wood and paint, no date. Collection of the Burke Museum of Natural History, Seattle Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	NAMES Project AIDS Quilt	'NAMES Project AIDS Quilt', Washington, DC Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Ariel View of the Burning Man Celebration	'Ariel view of the Burning Man Celebration', Black Rock City, Nevada Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 License. It is attributed to Kyle Harmon, and the original version can be found here.
	Lammasu	'Lammasu, the Human Headed Winged Bull', Assyrian, carved stone. 721-705 BCE. Oriental Institute Museum, University of Chicago Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Trjames, and the original version can be found here.
	Standing Mayan Warrior	Michel Wal, 'Standing Mayan Warrior' Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Michel Wal, and the original version can be found here.
	Emperor Qin's Terra Cotta Army	Shawn Kinkade, 'Emperor Qin’s Terra Cotta Army', China, 210 BCE Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 License. It is attributed to Shawn Kinkade, and the original version can be found here.
	Uncle Sam Recruiting Poster	James M. Flagg, 'Uncle Sam Recruiting Poster', 1916. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Washington, DC Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	The Burning of the Sanjo Palace	'The Burning of the Sanjo Palace', detail from the Heiji monogatori scrolls. Ink and colors on paper, 13th century. The Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	The Vietnam Veterans Memorial, ariel view	Maya Lin, 'The Vietnam Veterans Memorial', ariel view 1982, Washington, D.C Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	The Vietnam Veterans Memorial, detail	Maya Lin, 'The Vietnam Veterans Memorial', detail, 1982, Washington, DC Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Female Demonstrator Offering a Flower to a Military Police Officer	'Female Demonstrator Offering a Flower to a Military Police Officer', 1967 Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	The Peace Arch	Arnold C. Buchanan-Hermit, 'The Peace Arch', Blaine, Washington, 1921. 67 feet high Terms of Use: This image is under copyright, attributed to Arnold C. Buchanan-Hermit. The copyright holder of this file allows anyone to use it for any purpose, provided that the copyright holder is properly attributed. Redistribution, derivative work, commercial use, and all other use is permitted.
	Arc de Triomphe	'Arc de Triomphe', inaugurated 1836, Paris France Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Peace Symbol	Gerald Holtom, 'Peace Symbol', 1958 Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Graffiti on the Lennon Wall	Juliano Mattos, 'Graffiti on the Lennon Wall', Prague, Czech Republic Terms of Use: This image is released under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 License. It is attributed to Juliano Mattos, and the original version can be found here.
	Chauvet Cave Painting	HTO, 'Paintings from the Chauvet Cave' Terms of Use: This image is in the public domain.
	Arch of Titus and Colosseum	'Arch of Titus and Colosseum', late 1st century C.E., Rome
	Pantheon	'Pantheon', completed 126 C.E., Rome
	Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus	'Sarcophagus of Junius Bassus', marble, 359 C.E. Treasury of Saint Peter's Basilica
	Catacomb of Domitilla	Representation of Christ at the Catacomb of Domitilla
	Paul the Apostle	Paul the Apostle
	Portrait of Sophocles	Portrait of Sophocles
	Constantine's Basilica at Trier	Markus Schroeder, 'Constantine Basilica', Trier, Germany Terms of Use: This image is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 2.0 License. It is attributed to Markus Schroeder, and the original version can be found here.
	Byzantine Fibula	'Byzantine Fibula', ca. 430. Metropolitan Museum of Art
	Lombardic Fibula	'Lombardic Fibula', mid-6th century. National Museum of Slovenia
	Merovingian (Frankish) Looped Fibulae	'Merovingian (Frankish) Looped Fibulae', mid-6th century, silver gilt worked in filigree with inlaid garnet and other stones. Musée des Antiquities Nationales, Saint-Germain-en-Laye
	Uta Codex	'Uta Codex (Uta Presents the Codex to Mary)', c. 1020. Munich, Bayerische Staatsbibliothek
	Hillinus Codex	'Hillinus Codex (Hillinus Presents the Codex to St. Peter)', c.1020. Cologne Dombibliothek
	Hildesheim Bronze Cast Doors	Rabanus Flavus, 'Bernward of Hildesheim's Bronze Cast Doors' Terms of Use: This image is licensed under an attribution license. It is attributed to Rabanus Flavus, and the original version can be found here.
	Romanesque Pillars, Gloucester	Richard Spanswick, 'Romanesque Pillars,' Gloucester
	Wooden Roof	Richard Spanswick, 'Wooden Roof'
	Romanesque Arcade, Southwell	Richard Spanswick, 'Romanesque Arcade', Southwell
	Naves	Richard Spanswick, 'Naves'
	Jamb Statues from Porch of the Confessors	Jedhunsaker, 'Jamb Statues from the Porch of the Confessors' pictured are Saints Martin, Jerome, and Gregory, ca. 1220-1230. Chartres Cathedral Terms of Use: This resource is in the public domain.
	Chartres Cathedral Doors	Connie Ma, 'The West Facade/Doors'. Chartres Cathedral Terms of Use: This resource is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 License. It is attributed to Connie Ma, and the original version can be found here.
	East End of Salisbury Cathedral	Richard Spanswick, 'East End of Salisbury Cathedral'
	Early Gothic Arches	Richard Spanswick, 'Early Gothic arches, Southwell Minster'
	Nave of Salisbury Cathedral	Richard Spanswick, 'Nave of Salisbury Cathedral'
	Open Tracery, Southwell Minster	Richard Spanswick, 'Open Tracery at Southwell Minster'
	Lierne Vaults Gloucester Cathedral	Richard Spanswick, 'Lierne Vaults Gloucester Cathedral'
	Gothic Windows Gloucester Cathedral	Richard Spanswick, 'Gothic Windows Gloucester Cathedral'
	Holy Trinity	Masaccio, 'Holy Trinity', 1425-28. Santa Maria Novella, Florence
	Holy Trinity, Perspective Diagram	'Perspective diagram of Masaccio's Holy Trinity'. Santa Maria Novella, Florence
	Holy Trinity Architecture	Elements of ancient architecture in Masaccio's Holy Trinity
	Madonna and Child with Two Angels	Fra. Filippo Lippi, 'Madonna and Child with Two Angels', tempera on wood, ca. 1455 - 1466. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
	Baptism of Christ	Andrea del Verrocchio (with Leonardo), 'Baptism of Christ', 1470-75, oil and tempera on panel, 70 3/4" x 59 3/4" or 180 x 152 cm. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence
	School of Athens	Raphael, 'School of Athens', fresco, 1509-11, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City
	School of Athens, detail	Raphael, 'School of Athens', detail (Raphael), fresco, 1509-11, Apostolic Palace, Vatican City
	Pluto and Proserpina	Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 'Pluto and Proserpina', marble, 1621-22. Galleria Borghese, Rome
	Pluto and Proserpina, detail	Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 'Pluto and Proserpina', detail, marble, 1621-22. Galleria Borghese, Rome
	The Swing	Jean-Honoré Fragonard, 'The Swing', oil on canvas, 1767. Wallace Collection, London
	The Swing, detail	Jean-Honoré Fragonard, 'The Swing', oil on canvas, 1767. Wallace Collection, London
	Et in Arcadia Ego	Nicolas Poussin, 'Et in Arcadia Ego', 1637-38, oil on canvas, 185 cm × 121 cm (72.8 in × 47.6 in). Louvre, Paris
	Oath of the Horatii	Jacques-Louis David, 'Oath of the Horatii', oil on canvas, 1784. Louvre, Paris
	A Bar at the Folies-Bergere	Édouard Manet, 'A Bar at the Folies-Bergère', oil on canvas, 1882. Courtauld Gallery, London
	Le Journal Amusant no 595	Charles Albert d'Arnoux Bertall, in Le Journal Amusant, no. 595, May 25, 1867. The Research Library, The Getty Research Institute
	The Stonebreakers	Gustave Courbet, 'The Stonebreakers', 1849, oil on canvas, 165 x 257 cm. Gemäldegalerie, Dresden (destroyed)
	The Gleaners	Jean-François Millet, 'The Gleaners', 1857. Musée d'Orsay, Paris
	Olympia	Édouard Manet, 'Olympia', oil on canvas, 1863. Musée d'Orsay, Paris
	Impression Sunrise	Claude Monet, 'Impression Sunrise', 1872. Exhibited at the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874.
	Moulin de la Galette	Pierre-Auguste Renoir, 'Moulin de la Galette', 1876, oil on canvas, 51 1/2 x 68 7/8 inches (131 x 175 cm). Musée d'Orsay, Paris
	Portrait of Joseph Roulin	Vincent van Gogh, 'Portrait of Joseph Roulin', early 1889. Museum of Modern Art, New York
	Great Exhibition of German Art	Great Exhibition of German Art catalogue cover, 1937
	Opening of Entartete Kunst	Opening of the Entartete Kunst exhibition at the Schulausstellungsgebaude, Hamburg, 1938
	Degenerate Art	Adolf Hitler and Adolf Ziegler inspect the installation by Willrich and Hansen of the Degenerate Art Exhibition in Munich, 1937
	Judging Great German Art	Hitler and Ziegler judging the Great German Art Exhibition, 1937
	The Reunion	Ernst Barlach, 'The Reunion (Das Wiedersehen)', 1926, mahogany, 90 x 38 x 25 cm. Ernst Barlach Haus, Hamburg. Photo: Rufus46
	War Cripples	Otto Dix, 'War Cripples (45% Fit for Service)', 1920, oil on canvas, lost work
	Decathlon Athlete	Arno Breker, 'Decathlon Athlete (Zehnkämpfer)', 1936, bronze
	Haus of German Art	View of sculpture exhibited at the Haus of German Art, n.d.
	U9-GuidedObservation
	Arnolfini Portrait	Jan van Eyck, 'Portrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and His Wife,' oil on panel, 1434. National Galery (London)