Topic	Name	Description
Course Syllabus	Course Syllabus

1.1: Developing a Global Perspective of History	Developing a Global Perspective	Read this text on the role history plays in higher education. Studying history can help us build on our capacity for lifelong learning as we expand our analytical and communication skills, cultural awareness, and empathy. What is a global citizen?
	Global Citizenship	Watch this short film on what it means to be a global citizen, particularly how good communication is a part of that.

1.2: Primary Sources	Primary Sources	Read this text, which explores how to evaluate primary sources in the historical context.
	How Historians Use Newspapers	Read this exploration of how historians use a source like newspapers. Newspapers are very important. Although they can have limitations like errors or biases from the publisher, they can say a lot about a moment in time.

1.3: Causation and Interpretation in History	What Is History?	Read this brief overview of history from the perspective of an academic historian.
	Causation and Interpretation in History	Read this text, which explores causation and our interpretation of historical events. What is historical empathy?

2.1: India and International Connections	India and International Connections	Read this text on the roles Babur (1483–1530) and Akbar (1542–1605) played during the rise of the Mughal Empire. It discusses the effects of geography, conquest, and immigration on Gujarat's role in the Indian Ocean trade network and the rise of the Maratha Empire. How did the continent thrive under Akbar? How did internal conflicts in India contribute to the success of European colonization in India? Make sure you can discuss the importance of Bartolomeu Dias (1450–1500), the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), and Vasco Da Gama (d. 1524).
	The Mughal Empire	Read this short overview of the Mughal Empire, including the long-term factors that led to its decline.
	The Portuguese Empire	As you read this article, consider how the empire established economic and cultural bonds between Asia, Africa, and the Americas. This short history of the Portuguese Empire focuses on the origins of the global empire in the 16th century and its maturation during the 17th century. The article discusses the shift from Asian to Atlantic trade during the late 16th century due to competition from Northern European trade companies.
	The British Empire	Read this article on the dramatic expansion of the British Empire during the 16th and 17th centuries. As you read, consider the role the East India Trade played in Britain's emergence as an international power.

2.2: The Malacca Sultanate	The Malacca Sultanate	Read this text on the factors that led to the rise of the Malacca Sultanate, the significance of Malacca as a trading center, and the Portuguese invasion in 1509. What role did the Dutch East India Company play?

2.3: Exchange in East Asia	Exchange in East Asia	Read this text on the factors that affected trade among Japan, its East Asian neighbors, and Europe. What was China's relationship with its neighbors and the Europeans during the Ming (1368–1644) and Qing (1644–1912) dynasties?
	Emperor Qian Long and the Qing Dynasty	Read this source to learn more about Emperor Qian Long and the history of the Qing Dynasty in China.
	The Tokugawa Shogunate	Read this article on the history of Japan during this period and the rise of the Tokugawa Shogunate.

3.1: The Mali Empire	The Roots of African Trade	Read this text on the main trade routes across the Sahara during the 16th century. How did Islam facilitate trans-Saharan trade? What factors contributed to the decline of the Mali empire? What is the Sahel?
	The Mali Empire	Read this article on the Mali Empire. What enabled its rise to power? And what territory did it control?

3.2: The Songhai Empire	The Songhai Empire	Read this text on the characteristics that defined imperial Songhai, the largest African state in West Africa during the 15th century. Who was Askia Muhammad I or Askia the Great (d. 1538)? How did internal conflict lead to its demise?

3.3: The Swahili Coast	The Swahili Coast	Read this text on the Swahili City-States, which were a series of prosperous coastal communities south of the Horn of Africa. They facilitated trade routes between East Africa and India. Pay attention to Kilwa and Zanzibar, two of the most powerful city-states along the Swahili coast.
	Swahili Mosques	Watch this video to learn more about the elaborate and beautiful mosques on the coast of East Africa. This video highlights the interaction between Arab traders and the Swahili City-States.

3.4: The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade	The Trans-Saharan Slave Trade	Read this text on the emergence of Kanem-Bornu, a major slave-trading society in Western Africa. It describes how the arrival of the Europeans affected the networks of the trans-Saharan slave trade.
	Before the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade	Read this article on the history of slavery, which was a global practice during this era. Pay close attention to the different manifestations of slavery in Africa, the Americas, and Europe.

4.1: A Connected Islamic World	The Connected Islamic World	Read this text, which describes factors that characterized and united the Muslim ummah after 1500. How did Islam affect the relationships in the Muslim communities in central Asia, Iran, and the Ottoman Empire regarding politics, religion, technology, and trade?

4.2: The Ottoman Empire	The Ottoman Empire	Read this text on the significance of the Ottoman Empire (1299–1922), including the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent and the rise of the Sultanate of Women. What were some scientific and technological innovations of the Ottoman Empire?
	The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires	Watch this video for more on the rise of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires.

4.3: The Safavid Empire	The Safavid Empire	Read this text on the political and social structure of the Safavid Empire (1501–1736), one of the greatest Iranian empires after the Muslim conquest of Persia. Compare Twelver (Shia) Islam and Sunni Islam. The conflict between these two branches of Islam continues to this day.
	More on the Safavid Empire	Read this text on the history of the Safavid Empire. How does the Safavid Empire compare to the Ottoman Empire?

5.1: The Protestant Reformation	The Protestant Reformation	Read this text on the Protestant Reformation. It discusses Martin Luther's complaints against Catholicism, the spread of Protestantism across Europe, and the response of the Catholic Church. The religious wars continued into the 17th century and led to the Thirty Years War from 1618–1648.
	The Political Impact of the Reformation	Read this article on the political shockwaves that followed the Reformation, including the outbreak of war, which continued sporadically for more than a century in Europe.
	The Protestant Reformation, Science, and Religion	Watch this video on the Protestant Reformation, Galileo, and the growing division between science and religious doctrine.
	The Counter-Reformation	Read this text. It observes that the Catholic Church did not react passively to the Protestant Reformation.

5.2: Crossing the Atlantic	Crossing the Atlantic	Read this text on how technological innovations in Europe made transatlantic journeys possible. It discusses the motives the Spanish and Portuguese had for exploring the Americas, the Treaty of Tordesillas, and the physical and cultural ramifications of the Columbian Exchange.
	Exploration and Global Trade	Watch this video, which outlines how global trade patterns affected the Americas.
	The Columbian Exchange	Read this text on the Columbian Exchange, which caused a seismic event from an environmental perspective. Diets were globally transformed as crops such as tomatoes and potatoes traveled to Europe and Asia. However, this sea change had a dark side – diseases spread into previously unexposed populations, which led to mass death in the Americas.

5.3: Indigenous Americans	The New World	Read this text. What were indigenous societies in the Americas like in 1492? What different kinds of societies were there?
	The Aztecs of Mexico: A Zero-Waste Society	Read this short article on how the Aztecs built the city of Tenochtitlan. More than 140,000 people lived in Tenochtitlan In 1520, compared to only 50,000 in London, England.
	Colonialism and Indigenous Response in the Americas	Watch this video on the indigenous response to European arrival and subsequent colonization.

5.4: The Atlantic Slave Trade	The Atlantic Slave Trade	Read this text on the Atlantic Slave Trade. What was the human toll of the Middle Passage and other aspects of slavery? How did the free labor the enslaved Africans provided generate wealth and capital for plantation owners, textile manufacturers, other businesses, and future generations in the United States and Europe?
	Barbados, Jamaica, and Slave Rebellions	Watch this video on the British sugar islands of Barbados and Jamaica. It describes the Atlantic slave trade and 12 notable slave rebellions during this period, which most history books fail to mention.
	The Atlantic Slave Trade	Watch this video on the Atlantic slave trade. It considers the injustices the system imposed on the enslaved individuals and how it destroyed the communities where they had originated.
	The Impact of the Slave Trade through a Ghanaian Lens	Watch this video, which describes how the Atlantic slave trade transported 12.5 million people from Africa and likely caused the death of millions more. The violence and forced migration caused long-term suffering at the individual and societal levels. In this video, three Ghanaian scholars offer a sense of its impact on the coast, the interior, and the far north of this region.

6.1: European Colonization in the Americas	European Colonization in the Americas	Read this text on European colonization in North and South America. What motivated Europeans to settle in North America? During the 1500s, the Spanish Crown employed the encomienda system of labor, which rewarded Spanish explorers, conquistadors, and military men with land in the New World. Africa became their source of free forced labor. How did climate, economics, and geography affect these colonial settlements? What was the indigenous response?
	Colonial Rivalries: Dutch and French Colonial Ambitions	Read this text to learn more about the Dutch and French and their attempts to settle different parts of North America. What were they seeking, and how did it differ from what the Spanish sought? What areas did they colonize?
	English Settlements in America	Read this text, which describes the English settlements that arose in the Americas.
	The Americas and Columbus	Watch this video on the New World (Mundus Novus), Columbus, Vespucci, and the splitting of the world between Spain and Portugal in the Treaty of Tordesillas.
	The New World	Watch this video on the Mestizo populations, ethnic castes, the Spanish Armada, and slavery in these regions.
	Settlement Patterns in New Spain, New France, and British North America	Read this short article, which compares the economies and settlement patterns in Spanish, French, and British colonies in the Americas. Pay close attention to the impact of European settlement on the indigenous people who lived in these areas.

6.2: The Rise of a Global Economy	Mercantilism	Read this text on mercantilism. What role did the colonies play in mercantilism? What are some major criticisms of this economic theory?
	Exploration and Mercantilism	Watch this video, which describes how mercantilism influenced exploration, particularly in newly discovered territories.
	The Rise of a Global Economy	Read this text on the Seven Years' War (1756–1763) in Europe and the new global balance of power it created. The authors describe British colonization in India, how China's Qing dynasty was able to maintain a favorable trade balance with Europe, and how colonized societies responded to European imperialism.

6.3: Capitalism and the First Industrial Revolution	Adam Smith	Read this biographical article about Adam Smith. It contains insights into how The Wealth of Nations essentially created the field of economics and how its focus on labor rather than land ownership revolutionized international trade.
	The Wealth of Nations, 1776	Read this excerpt from Adam Smith's The Wealth of Nations. Read the first book to understand the arguments Smith made in his writing.
	Karl Marx	Read this short biography of Karl Marx. It gives context to the birth of his ideas on the social impacts of capitalism.
	Industrial Revolutions	Watch this lecture on the course of the Industrial Revolution in Europe. John Merriman discusses changing attitudes and historical perspectives during this period of innovation and social transformation.
	The Origins of the Industrial Revolution	Watch this video on the origins of the Industrial Revolution in England. It explores how England was uniquely situated to harness coal and steam power during this critical historical moment.

7.1: The Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment	The Origins of the Enlightenment	The origins of the Enlightenment were wide-ranging. We can trace many of its fundamental ideas to the teachings of the ancient Greek and Roman scholars, which the Enlightenment philosophers revisited and tried to improve upon.
	The Enlightenment	Read this text on how Europe's Scientific Revolution promoted a period of rational, intellectual reflection, which we call the Enlightenment. Major theories focused on the importance of rational thought (rather than religious edicts), the natural rights of human beings, and social contract theory, which values political rights in accordance with the consent of the governed.
	Scientific Revolution Enlightenment	Europe's Scientific Revolution had a tremendous socio-political impact. It loosened the hold of the Catholic Church and prompted individuals to reexamine all aspects of their lives – from the natural, scientific, and cultural to the political. The Enlightenment which followed represented a departure from the status quo. Political philosophers applied the ideas of reason and logic to examine the purpose and limits of government, civil rights, and the role of the individual in civic life. As you watch this video, pay attention to the individuals it features.
	Scientific and Political Revolutions in the 17th and 18th Centuries	As you read this article, think about how the Scientific Revolution impacted the Enlightenment and major revolutions of the modern period.

7.2: The Exchange of Ideas in the Public Sphere	The Exchange of Ideas in the Public Sphere	Read this text on the role of the public sphere as a place for debate and dissent.
	Thomas Hobbes (1588–1679)	Watch this lecture on Thomas Hobbes, the eminent 17th-century political thinker and author of The Leviathan.
	John Locke (1632–1704)	Read this text on John Locke, the English writer and philosopher who proved to be one of Europe's most influential Enlightenment thinkers. Many of his thoughts and ideas about society, justice, and politics are found in the American Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.
	Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712–78)	Read this text on Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the French philosopher who broke dramatically with Hobbes and offered his own influential explanation of why people formed governments – and when they should form new ones.

7.3: Revolutions in America, France, and Haiti	Revolutions in America, France, and Haiti	Read on the causes, ideological framing, and consequences of the American, French, and Haitian Revolutions.
	The American Revolution	Watch this video, which discusses the ideals of the Enlightenment, the American Revolution, the U.S. Constitution, and the Bill of Rights.
	More on the American Revolution	Read this article on the key events and milestones of the American Revolution.
	Common Sense	In Section II of Common Sense, Thomas Paine (1737–1809), an American revolutionary, discussed British rule in North America and argued that England had severely mistreated the American colonies. He asserted that British rule was unnatural and unjust. The only logical action for American colonists was to rebel against Great Britain and become a free and independent people.
	The French Revolution	Watch this video on the French Revolution, Robespierre's Reign of Terror, and the Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. The revolutionary leaders abolished the monarchy and altered most of France's social and political institutions to make them more rational and modern. They proclaimed a republic, instituted parliamentary elections, introduced educational reforms, created a new revolutionary calendar, and reorganized France's electoral districts to make representation more democratic.
	More on the French Revolution	Read this article, which offers an overview of the key events of the French Revolution.
	Rights of Man	The Declaration of the Rights of Man was meant to affirm the principles of the French Revolution and the government they hoped to build. Compare its core tenets to the writings of Thomas Paine. Are there any differences?
	The Haitian Revolution	Watch this video on the Haitian Revolution. While France recognized Haiti, the new country faced serious challenges in securing trading partners and diplomatic relations with other nations. For example, the United States, led by Thomas Jefferson, refused to ally itself with a country whose enslaved people had overthrown their oppressors. Political thinkers such as Edmund Burke declared the Haitian Revolution a dangerous precedent that threatened the institution of slavery.
	Dessalines, the Flag, and Independence	Read this primary source document, which describes the revolution from a Haitian perspective. It then recounts their final victory over France.

7.4: Nationalism, Liberalism, Conservatism, and the Political Order	The Napoleonic Wars	The French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon Bonaparte to power set off a catastrophic series of wars in Europe that raged until 1815. Read this text, which highlights how a generation of war changed the European map and unleashed political and social forces that impacted the continent long after Napoleon's defeat and permanent exile.
	Nationalism, Liberalism, Conservatism, and the Political Order	Read this text on the causes, primary ideologies, and values of nationalism, liberalism, and conservatism. How did the Congress of Vienna impact Europe's balance of power?
	The Congress of Vienna and Growth of Nationalism	Watch this video. Pay attention to how the Congress of Vienna contributed to the growth of nationalism and the outbreak of revolution. How did the famine of 1845 further destabilize Europe and contribute to the reassertion of republicanism?
	Why No Revolution in 1848 in Britain?	Watch this video on the causes of revolution in Europe in 1848. How did these conflicts compare with the French Revolution? Why was there no revolution in Britain?

7.5: Revolutions in Latin America	Spanish America: Revolution for Whom?	Read this text on the social hierarchy of Spanish America and the Bourbon Reforms the Spanish Crown imposed on its American colonies during the 1700s. How did European politics affect Haiti and the Spanish-American colonies?
	Spanish North America	Read this text on the Mexican War of Independence (1810–1821) and Agustín de Iturbide's Plan de Iguala (1821), a revolutionary proclamation based on the "three guarantees" of independence, religion, and equality.
	Revolution in Latin America and South America	Watch this video on the revolutions that occurred in Latin America after Napoleon seized the Spanish throne in 1808, Mexico's Plan de Iguala (1821), and Simón Bolívar's (1763–1830) attempt to create a commonwealth of South America.
	Spanish South America	Read this text to learn more about the revolutions that roiled Spanish South America and how they differed from those in Mexico.
	Simón Bolívar	Read this text on Simón Bolivar, one of the most influential and beloved South American leaders in the fight for independence for Spain's colonies.
	Portuguese South America	Read this text on the relocation of the Portuguese monarchy to Brazil, the country's path to independence (1822), and what differentiates the Empire of Brazil from its neighboring republics.

8.1: The Second Industrial Revolution	The Second Industrial Revolution	Read this text on the technological innovations during the Second Industrial Revolution. It discusses the challenges and obstacles industrialization brought as it spread beyond central Europe and the United States to Asia, North Africa, and Latin America during the 19th century.

8.2: Motives and Means of Imperialism	The Motives and Means of Imperialism	Read this text on how the Second Industrial Revolution fostered imperialism. New industrial technologies, guns, and weaponry allowed Europeans to forcibly conquer and exploit the raw materials, economic development, and political environment in their colonial outposts.
	Imposition of European Ideas and Values	Read this text on how Europeans were able to impose their values on the people they controlled. While their practices varied, European imperialists consistently acted from the position that they were superior and, therefore, had a right to rule.
	Facilitating Imperialism through Advanced Technologies	Read this text to learn how specific technologies made the imposition of imperial rule easier.
	Imperialism: A Study	Historians continue to debate why Europe embarked on such an intense imperializing mission beginning in the 1870s. Imperialist critics existed, however. In Britain, the economist J.A. Hobson attributed imperialism not to higher motives such as improving people's lives but purely to profit. While later historians have criticized Hobson for ignoring other factors, his critique was nonetheless highly influential, including with Marxists such as Vladimir Lenin (1870–1924).

8.3: Colonial Empires	Colonial Empires	Read this text on the colonial empires France, Great Britain, Belgium, Germany, and Italy created in Africa. In 1876, Britain's Queen Victoria proclaimed herself Empress of India. Meanwhile, Japan, Russia, and Great Britain competed to dominate Korea and China, while France controlled Indochina (today's Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos).

8.4: Exploitation and Resistance	Exploitation and Resistance	Read this text on how the imperial powers treated the people who lived within their colonial domains.
	The Boxer Rebellion	The Boxer Rebellion took place in China. While China was never formally colonized, it was weakened by successive wars with the European powers. Treaties gave the Europeans substantial power within China, including control over its ports. Read this text to learn more about what happened in China and the consequences.

9.1: Inventions, Innovations, and Mechanization	Inventions, Innovations, and Mechanization	Read this text, which discusses the effects of the significant innovations of the late 19th and early 20th centuries and how working-class families changed because of industrialization.
	The Philosophy of Manufacturers	In this 1835 article, Andrew Ure describes the benefits of the new industrial system England developed during the previous century. He argues that the factory system relieved workers of the tedium of manufacturing goods by hand. The system saves factory owners money because they no longer need to hire skilled workers – unskilled women and children can operate the machines for low wages. He argued that any opposition to this prosperity was due to ignorance and fear-mongering. Do you agree with this viewpoint?
	Steel: Carnegie and Creative Destruction	Steel was one of the most important industries for the United States; it drove the country's Second Industrial Revolution and saw it advance ahead of Britain in manufacturing. Andrew Carnegie and his company, U.S. Steel, were key representatives of this transformation. Read this article to learn more about Carnegie.

9.2: Life in the Industrial City	Life in the Industrial City	Read this text on the benefits of living in a city during the Second Industrial Revolution. The growing middle class and wealthy elites enjoyed restaurants, theaters, music, dance halls, libraries, and other entertainment venues. However, the lower classes and urban poor suffered from overcrowding, pollution, poor sanitation, disease, and limited housing.
	Urbanization and Its Challenges	The growth of cities in the United States offers a useful lesson. Cities went from being relatively small homes to a small slice of the population to much larger urban centers with new types of work environments. This text explains how this explosive growth required new solutions to meet new urban challenges.
	The Subjective Necessity for Social Settlements	Read this primary source document written by Jane Addams, a famous reformer in 19th and early 20th century America. She became the face of the "Settlement House" movement, which provided educational, recreational, and medical needs to immigrants and the impoverished. Addams founded Hull House in Chicago, which worked for over a century. What do you think she is arguing for here, and why did she think it was necessary?

9.3: Immigrants and Settlers	Communities in Diaspora	Read this text on the immigrant experience. Europeans emigrated to Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, New Zealand, South Africa, the United States, and Uruguay to flee poverty and religious persecution and pursue better work opportunities. Many Chinese people sought work in the United States, South America, and the Caribbean.
	Settler Colonies	A rise in "settler colonialism", accompanied the Age of Imperialism as settlers displaced indigenous peoples to claim land for themselves. This process had been underway in North and South America but continued during the 19th century as new settler colonies sprang up in Africa.

9.4: Regulation, Reform, and Revolutionary Ideologies	Coerced and Semicoerced Labor	Read this text on how abolishing slavery and serfdom led to various forms of coerced and semi-coerced labor, such as contract labor, debt bondage, and penal labor.
	Regulation, Reform, and Revolutionary Ideologies	Read this text on attempts to regulate the industrial workplace, alleviate inequities, and improve the dismal living conditions in the newly industrialized urban centers. Marxism and other socialist ideologies protested the injustices the working class (proletariat) suffered while members of the wealthy class (bourgeoisie) prospered.
	Socialist Economics	Read this article to understand the distinctions between socialism, socialist economics, market socialism, and related terms. It also covers key figures in socialist regimes and their policies.

10.1: Alliances, Expansion, and Conflict	Alliances, Expansion, and Conflict	Read this text on the political conditions in Europe during the early 20th century, the nature of its political alliances, and how the colonies destabilized the balance of power.
	Planning the First World War	Planning proved to be an inadvertent catalyst of the war. Trains allowed countries to move troops quickly with astonishing precision. It was possible to calculate how quickly an opponent could attack, which meant you had to respond quickly to defend yourself. This put pressure on the diplomatic process since a delay could allow your opponent to obtain an advantage. Read more here about France and Germany's war plans.
	The Collapse of the Ottomans and the Coming of War	The slow collapse of the Ottoman Empire's European possessions upset Europe's balance of power. Newly independent states created instability: some tried to expand their power in the Balkans, while others tried to chart their own course. Read this text on the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, rising nationalism among minority ethnic groups, the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand on June 28, 1914, and the first few months of World War I.

10.2: Total War	Total War	Read this text on how new technologies affected combat in World War I, the experience of the average soldier, the role of colonial troops, and how racism affected the actions of the major powers.
	New Weapons of War	While machine guns, accurate rifles, and precise artillery were not new, they were nevertheless devastating. Seeking to break the stalemate, each side tried to develop new weapons that would allow them to win the war. Read about them here.
	War on the Homefront	Read this text on the societal transformations that occurred in the countries that fought in World War I, the expanding role of women in the workforce, and the events that led to the Irish Rising in 1916.
	Southeast Asia and World War I	Watch this video on Southeast Asia during World War I. It was a complicated place in 1914 because the British, French, American, Dutch, and Japanese empires claimed much of the region. It was also home to many Chinese people and Muslims, who had broad transnational interests.
	America and World War I	Read this source to learn more about the United States and World War I. What was the role of the United States during the conflict?

10.3: The Peace Settlement	The War Ends	Read this text on challenges to the tsarist autocracy in Russia at the beginning of World War I, the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and the end of World War I.
	The Fourteen Points	America's entry into the war was controversial because many believed the conflict was a European problem. President Wilson recognized the American people wanted to fight for something more than supporting imperial ambitions. In 1918, he unveiled his conditions and terms for ending the war, which became known as the Fourteen Points. Read this primary source document.
	The Final Treaty	The Paris Peace Conference in 1919 generated tremendous hopes for the future on all sides. Read this text to learn more about the treaties that emerged from World War I and what happened to the defeated empires.
	The Middle East and World War I	Watch this video. Before 1914, most of the Middle East was divided between the Ottoman and British empires, two powers on opposing sides of World War I. The war's victors redrew the borders of the countries of the Middle East, essentially wiping the Ottoman Empire off the map, laying the foundations for several modern nation-states and conflicts that persist in the region today.

10.4: The Russian Revolution	Rising Discontent in Russia	Read the text on the rising discontent of the Russian people and why they rose in revolution.
	The Romanovs and the Russian Revolution	Watch this lecture, where John Merriman discusses the causes of the Russian Revolution of October 1917. He begins by talking about the failure of the Tsarist regime of Nicholas II (1868–1918) and focuses on how the Bolsheviks gained political control in the Russian Revolution (1917–1923).
	The Russian Revolution	Read this summary of the Russian Revolution and the events leading up to it to learn why it had such a strong appeal.
	Women and the Russian Revolution	The communist belief in the inherent equality of the sexes was liberating to women who participated in the revolution and civil war. Reforms in literacy and education promoted greater opportunities for women. Read this article to explore how the Russian Revolution impacted the role of women in Russian society.
	Declaration of the Rights of the Toiling and Exploited Peoples	This declaration, published in January 1918, outlines the key rights to be obtained in the new Soviet state. Compare it with the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen, the English Bill of Rights, and the U.S. Bill of Rights. What common themes and values do you notice? What is unique about this document compared to earlier revolutionary declarations?

11.1: Recovering from World War I	Recovering from World War I	Read this text on the aftermath of World War I, the Treaty of Versailles (signed June 28, 1919), the economic conditions in Germany, and the war's effects on the economies of Europe, the United States, East Asia, and Latin America.
	The European Economy in the Interwar Period	Read this to learn more about the European economy during this period, how it compared to the United States, and what political movements arose as a response to the economic conditions present on the continent.
	Internationalism between the Wars	Watch this video on internationalism. During the 1920s, politicians, scientists, veterans, activists, and everyday citizens sought to increase global connections to prevent the reoccurrence of another worldwide conflict. The League of Nations, the Kellogg-Briand Pact, scientific conferences, trade unions, and Interpol were just some of these attempts. This video summarizes these changes and the history of internationalism.
	The Effects of the First World War	Read this text to learn more about the after-effects of World War I.
	Post World War I Area: Extreme Nationalism	The division of so many empires into new states fueled post-war nationalism. Learn more about it in this text.

11.2: The Formation of the Soviet Union	The Formation of the Soviet Union	Read this text on the early years of the Soviet Union, Stalin's first Five Year Plan (1928–1932), and life in the Soviet Union under Stalin.
	First Five-Year Plan	Read this article on the Soviet Union's First Five-Year Plan covering 1928 to 1932. The plan contained several economic goals designed to revolutionize agriculture and industry. Researchers estimate that Stalin's forced collectivization effort killed nearly 10 million people in the Soviet countryside (primarily in Ukraine) during the Soviet Famine of 1932–33. To eradicate "enemies of the working class," Stalin imprisoned more than a million people in the Gulag prison system and executed at least 700,000 individuals during the Great Purge between 1934 and 1939.

11.3: The Great Depression and Fascism	The Great Depression	Read this text on the causes and effects of the Great Depression on the economies of industrialization and developing nations. This economic climate fueled popular interest in communism in Stalin's Soviet Union and fascism in Hitler's Nazi Germany and Mussolini's Italy.
	Fascism	Read this text on fascism, an ideology that rebuked communism and liberal democracy, and proved attractive to people during the Great Depression. Its leaders seemed to offer a path out of economic chaos and political paralysis but did so by targeting minority groups. While the governments claimed to speak for the working classes, they allied themselves with big business and outlawed strikes and other forms of labor unrest.

11.4: Demands for Rights and Freedom	Ho Chi Minh Petition	During this era of new internationalism, many in Africa and Asia hoped the United States or Europe would listen and begin to offer them more freedom. In 1919, Ho Chi Minh, the future leader of the independent North Vietnam, wrote a petition to Woodrow Wilson asking for greater autonomy for Vietnam. Wilson never saw it. Read this petition to understand what Minh hoped to achieve and his demands.
	Old Empires and New Colonies	Read this text on the breakup of the Ottoman Empire at the end of World War I and the resistance to colonization in Africa and Asia.
	Mahatma: A Great Soul of the 20th Century	British colonization had reorganized India's agricultural system to serve the needs of Great Britain, not India. In accordance with the mercantile system, the government forced Indians to buy their finished goods from Great Britain, which destroyed the local textile, metalwork, glass, and paper industries. This led to widespread poverty and famine. Britain did not design India's famous railroad system to meet the needs of the local population during several periods of famine or connect population hubs to foster Indian commerce. Rather, it was built to export raw materials, such as grain, tea, and cotton, for British profit from the Indian fields to port cities to transport to Britain and other foreign trading posts. In 1930, Mahatma Gandhi (1869–1948) told the Indians they should no longer be subject to the British mercantile system, which harvested Indian natural resources and resold its manufactured goods (including salt) back to the Indians at an inflated price. He famously scooped a handful of mud and boiled it to extract the salt. He showed the Indians they could produce their own salt and other goods. They did not need to follow British practices anymore. Unlike revolutions in Russia and France, the Indian Revolution was pacifist and based on civil protest and disobedience rather than violence. As you watch this documentary, consider Gandhi's larger impact on future movements, such as the civil rights movement Martin Luther King, Jr. led in the United States during the 1960s.
	Resistance, Civil Rights, and Democracy	Read this text on expanding liberty and civil rights in Western Europe and the United States.

12.1: The Lead-Up to World War II, an Unstable Peace	An Unstable Peace	Read this text on Hitler's increasingly aggressive provocations in Europe, which led to World War II. Britain and France responded immediately to Hitler's invasion of Poland on Sept. 1, 1939, with declarations of war. The United States followed two years after its attempts to remain neutral became untenable when Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor on Dec. 7, 1941.
	Prelude to World War II	Watch this video for an overview of the prelude to World War II.

12.2: Theaters of War, World War II	Theaters of War	Read this text on the Allied and Axis operations in Europe, Africa, East Asia, and the Pacific during World War II. Why are the Battles of Stalingrad and Midway considered turning points in the war? How did the Holocaust evolve after Germany invaded Poland?
	World War II	Read this text for an overview of the conflict of World War II.
	The Holocaust	Hitler's antisemitic beliefs formed a major backbone of the Nazi Party. These policies gradually denied Jewish people their rights as German citizens. The government soon encouraged its paramilitary forces and regular citizens to destroy Jewish businesses (such as during Kristallnacht, the "Night of Broken Glass," in November 1936), forced them to live in ghettos, and eventually transported them to their deaths in forced labor concentration and extermination camps. Historians estimate the German government killed six million Jews and at least five million prisoners of war during the Holocaust. Read this discussion of the Holocaust. Pay attention to the roots of antisemitism, which Hitler outlined in his bestselling book Mein Kampf, and how he convinced his enablers to commit such crimes against humanity.
	End of World War II	Watch this video to learn more about how World War II ended.

12.3: Reconstruction and the Effects of World War II	Out of the Ashes	Read this text on the final stages of World War II, the agreements reached in Yalta (February 1945) and Potsdam (July-August 1945), the atomic bomb, and efforts to transform Germany and Japan after their surrender.
	Keeping the Home Fires Burning	Read this text on life at home in several parts of the world during World War II, how the war impacted women's lives, and new technologies that affected its outcome.
	The Reconstruction of Europe after the Second World War	The state of the European economy after 1945 was dire. Millions of people faced starvation because they could not get enough food. Many cities were destroyed by fighting and bombing. Even Britain was on the verge of bankruptcy. To guarantee a long-lasting peace, the United States worked with European countries to rebuild them.
	The Manhattan Project	World War II led to the creation of the most devastating weapon in human history: the atomic bomb. The bomb had a profound impact on the postwar world. As you read this text, pay attention to its legacy in the section "The Use of the Bombs and the Legacy of the Project."
	The Atlantic Charter through the Universal Declaration of Human Rights	Read this lesson on the goals and objectives of the Allies.
	The United Nations	In 1945, in the wake of the destruction of World War II, the leaders of China, France, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States (the U.N. Security Council) met with their counterparts from 22 nations to create the United Nations. Read this article, which describes the many goals and activities of the United Nations, which include offering international conferences and international observances; promoting arms control and disarmament; human rights, humanitarian assistance, international development, and peacekeeping; helping broker treaties; and helping to enforce international law.

13.1: The Cold War	The Cold War Begins	Read this text on the origins of the Cold War, the Truman Doctrine, the Marshall Plan, U.S. foreign policy, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), and the Warsaw Pact.
	The Cold War	Read this article for a general overview of the Cold War, with close attention to the "historiography" section. Historians frequently disagree about why something occurred, and the Cold War has many competing explanations.
	The Long Telegram	Few historical documents unveil historical motivations as clearly as George Kennan's Long Telegram. In it, Kennan explained why some form of conflict was inevitable with the Soviet Union. He offered his recommendations on countering Soviet aggression. Future administrations would take nuanced approaches, but the basic idea remained in U.S. foreign policy until the end of the Cold War.
	Rethinking the Space Race	The "Space Race" was a unique product of the Cold War. On the one hand, it was a chance for the United States and the Soviet Union to compete to show who was more scientifically advanced. Many believed it proved who had the better system. However, it was always tied to the arms race: whoever could reliably put satellites in orbit could also launch effective missiles.

13.2: The Spread of Communism	The Spread of Communism	Read this text on the Chinese Revolution, the Korean War, the Great Leap Forward, and the Chinese Cultural Revolution.
	The Great Leap Forward	The extraordinary number of deaths during the Chinese Revolution is difficult to fathom. The Soviet Union had a similar experience when Stalin forced the population to modernize Russia's agricultural and industrialization practices. Historians estimate that Mao's Great Leap Forward (1958–1962), mandatory collectivization, forced labor, and the famine that ensued caused the deaths of 18–30 million people in China.
	The Cultural Revolution	The Cultural Revolution (1966–1976) was Mao's attempt to purge China of anything deemed corruptive to the communist cause. The government and local citizens suppressed anything considered Western, American, or European and anything that promoted capitalism or democracy. Homes were invaded, dissidents were imprisoned in reeducation camps, and prisoners were executed for crimes against the state. Read this text on the Cultural Revolution and its Aftermath. Make a timeline of these events. How does the Cultural Revolution compare with the Great Leap Forward?
	Mao Zedong's Victory and Its Aftermath	Watch this video. How could Mao ascend to power and triumph over the Republic of China? How do you think these events shaped China into the nation it is today?

13.3: The Non-Aligned Movement	The Non-Aligned Movement	Read this text on Yugoslavia, the Bandung Conference, the Non-Aligned Movement, and the Israeli-Arab conflict in the Middle East.
	Jawaharlal Nehru Speaks to the Bandung Conference Political Committee, 1955	During his speech at the 1955 Asian-African Conference of newly independent nations, India's Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964) argued that developing nations would not benefit from military alliances with the United States or the Soviet Union. Instead, developing nations should work together to pursue independent developmental paths free of burdensome pro-Communist or anti-Communist alliances.

13.4: Global Tensions and Decolonization	Global Tensions and Decolonization	Read this text on Soviet Union interventions in Warsaw Pact Nations during the 1950s and 1960s, tensions in Latin America and Asia, the Vietnam War, the Sino-Soviet split, and African decolonization.
	The Vietnam War	Read this article on the history of the Vietnam War. What began as a conflict over decolonization became a Cold War battlefield by the late 1960s, with U.S. troops fighting communist North Vietnamese troops, who were given weapons and support from China and the Soviet Union.
	The Decolonization in the British Empire	Britain went from having the largest empire in the world in 1945 to being reduced to a handful of small islands by the 1970s. Read more about the dissolution of the British Empire here.
	The Angolan Civil War	Portugal controlled Angola until 1974 and fought for 13 years to stop Angola from breaking free" However, the country was plunged into a new war after it gained independence due to its position in the Cold War" Read this text to learn more"
	The Cold War and Decolonization	This Cold War and the struggle for decolonization were intertwined. As independence movements formed new communities or nation-states, the Soviet Union and the United States fought to create networks to expand their ideologies and influence.

13.5: A New World Order	A New World Order	Read this text on the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Eastern Bloc and the changes Deng Xiaoping promoted in China in the 1970s and 1980s,
	Tiananmen Square, 1989: The Declassified History	Read this to learn more about the events in Tiananmen Square in 1989.
	Glasnost, Perestroika, and the End of the Soviet Union	Read this section to learn more about the policies of Glasnost and Perestroika and how they contributed to the peaceful end of the Cold War and the breakup of the Soviet Union.

14.1: A Global Economy	A Global Economy	Read this text on trade agreements that have tried to regulate world trade and the global economy, how multinational corporations have affected politics, workers, and the environment, and how globalization has affected workers worldwide.
	Globalization	Watch this video. We are told the world is becoming increasingly globalized, with a network that allows us to communicate rapidly and form one global culture. We have a giant worldwide production and distribution system, but this transformation raises many issues we have yet to resolve.
	Economic Development in East Asia	East Asia experienced rapid economic growth in the second half of the 20th century. While Japan had become an industrialized powerhouse before 1945, Taiwan and South Korea were not wealthy or industrialized. Their take-off was rapid. Learn more about it in this text.

14.2: Climate Change and the Environment	Debates on the Environment	Read this text on the global rise of environmentalism and how the world community is trying to address the negative effects of climate change.
	Global Climate Change	Read this text to learn more about definitions of climate change, the science that supports it, how humans contribute to it, and the impact we can expect.

14.3: Science and Technology for Today's World	Science and Technology for Today's World	Read this text on the effects of advanced computers and communications technologies on human society, such as the internet and social media. Advances in medical science have succeeded in eradicating diseases that have plagued the world for centuries.
	Globalization and Technology	Read this text to learn more about the effects of globalization on the media and how a global media ecosystem affects different societies.
	The Clean Energy Hub of the Future	Defeating climate change means developing clean energy solutions. Watch this video to learn more about the development of clean energy in Africa.

14.4: Ongoing Problems and Solutions	Ongoing Problems and Solutions	Read this text on recent threats to global peace and security, such as the Russian invasion of Ukraine and the rise of militant groups in Iraq and Syria. Migration and refugees continue to flee war-ravaged areas of the world in search of economic opportunities in Europe and the United States. However, this influx continues to provoke radical nationalist and xenophobic groups to action worldwide.
	The Syrian Refugee Crisis	In Syria, the population rose up to protest the totalitarian rule of Bashar al-Assad (1965– ) – this regime was not only brutally oppressive, but it did not represent the interests of the majority Sunni Muslim community. Although their circumstances differ, Libya and Yemen are embroiled in civil wars that have devastated their populations and have involved similar external entanglements.
	What the War in Ukraine Means for the Global Order	The war between Russia and Ukraine has unleashed political and economic forces that will reverberate for a long time. In this video, Ian Bremmer discusses what changes the war will unleash and what it means to the global community.

Study Guide	HIST103 Study Guide

Course Feedback Survey	Course Feedback Survey