Supply Chain Uncertainty and Environmental Management
| Site: | Saylor Academy |
| Course: | BUS606: Operations and Supply Chain Management |
| Book: | Supply Chain Uncertainty and Environmental Management |
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| Date: | Saturday, September 7, 2024, 7:39 PM |
Description
Read this article, which examines the impact of supply chain uncertainty on environmental management spending in manufacturing. Focus on the sections of Supply Chain Uncertainty and Linking Supply Chain Uncertainty to Environmental Management. What is your definition of uncertainty in supply chain management?
Abstract
This manuscript examines the impact of supply chain uncertainty on
environmental management spending in manufacturing plants. Building on
the attention-based view of the firm (ABV), the basic premise is that
with increased uncertainty in the supply chain, managers’ attention to
environmental management lessens which in turn leads to (i) fewer
resources devoted to green issues within the plant and (ii) a bias to
use resources toward less disruptive pollution control approaches rather
than pollution prevention approaches. Data from a survey of 251
Canadian manufacturing plants was used to test the link between the
level of uncertainty in the supply chain and environmental management
decisions. The results indicate that supply chain uncertainty does not
have a substantial impact on the level of environmental spending in a
plant but has a substantial and significant impact on the allocation of
the spending between pollution prevention and pollution control. More
particularly, as supply chain uncertainty increases, organizations shift
their resources away from pollution prevention to favor pollution
control approaches.
Source: Stephan Vachon and Sara Hajmohammad, https://ajssr.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s41180-016-0005-0
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Introduction
One of the fundamental questions related to corporate environmental management remains "does it pay to be green?". While the results in the literature mainly support the premise that it does pay to be green, the literature also suggests that the business and industrial contexts as well as the type of environmental initiatives matter in driving organizational performance.
For instance, significant value can be created by adopting pollution
prevention technologies and practices rather than pollution control.
Pollution prevention usually take the form fundamental changes to a
product or a process that eliminate pollution at the source. Several
waste reduction and energy efficiency programs aligned with that kind
reduction at the source mindset. In contrast, pollution control involves
proper management of pollution after it is generated. End-of-pipe
technologies and remediation projects are often associated with
pollution control. Interestingly, the most recent Canadian data on
environmental expenditures indicate that manufacturers spent more in
pollution control in a ratio of 2.2:1 when compared to pollution
prevention.
Why is that the case? Is there an operating context more conducive to
adopt preventive approaches as opposed to control approaches?
Building on the attention-based view of the firm (ABV), this paper proposes that supply chain uncertainty
is an important factor in (i) allocating organizations' resources to
environmental management, and (ii) the type of environmental initiatives
adopted (i.e., prevention vs. control). Because environmental
management can be perceived as a non-core or 'peripheral' activity,
higher level of supply chain uncertainty increases the likelihood that
limited managerial attention will be diverted away from environmental
management and more towards core activities. Put another way, with less
predictability in the supply chain, managers' attention span is less
likely to fully cover green issues within their operations, hence,
spending less time and resources on environmental management.
Furthermore, a less predictable supply chain is more complex to manage,
which results in favoring environmental technologies and methods that
are less disruptive such as end-of-pipe technologies or abatement
systems.
By developing the linkage between supply chain uncertainty and
environmental management, this paper provides a better understanding of
the contextual elements that can be driving environmental management
decisions. By gaining a better appreciation of supply chain uncertainty
as a contextual variable, this paper contributes theoretically and
conceptually to the literature. The empirical development and subsequent
analysis also can have managerial implications as supply chain
uncertainty can be mitigated by addressing variability at the source
(e.g., six sigma projects) or by building buffers – hence affecting
environmental management decisions.
This paper first provides a definition of supply chain uncertainty in Supply Chain Uncertainty section. This definition is then linked to environmental management in Linking Supply Chain Uncertainty to Environmental Management section where two hypotheses are proposed using ABV. Methodology section describes the research methodology and the variables measurement used for the empirical analysis presented in Empirical Analysis section. The empirical results are discussed in Discussion and Concluding Remarks section where the paper's limitations and future research avenues are also discussed.
Supply Chain Uncertainty
The linkage of uncertainty to supply chain management is not new in the literature and the concept of supply chain uncertainty has been widely defined and operationalized throughout the years. Several studies in the operations management and green supply chain literature have developed models incorporating business or demand uncertainty as a key contextual variable. For example, demand uncertainty was found to attenuate the positive effect of supply chain integration on delivery performance. Lo uncovered a relationship between demand uncertainty, the firm's position in the supply chain, and the environmental practices. Business uncertainty taking the form of industry munificence was also found to be contributing to an increase of the risk propensity to invest in reverse supply chain activities.
The notion of uncertainty has also been used to characterize dimensions of supply chain complexity and supply chain risk. Conceptualizing uncertainty as the 'dynamic' dimension of supply chain complexity, Bozarth et al. found a negatively and significant link between uncertainty and manufacturing performance.
In this paper, uncertainty is defined as the degree of unreliability and unpredictability associated with different activities along the supply chain. Supply chain uncertainty then becomes the unreliability and unpredictability pertaining to suppliers' activities, internal operations, and customers' requirements. For example, upstream uncertainty captures issues related to suppliers' poor delivery reliability or defective rates of incoming lots. The equipment reliability (or lack of) and the extent of production scheduling changes are elements of internal uncertainty. The customer's order changes and demand variability (e.g., quantity demanded) are associated with downstream uncertainty.
Linking Supply Chain Uncertainty to Environmental Management
Building on the ABV, this section establishes the link between supply chain uncertainty and two aspects of environmental management: (i) the extent of the resources spent on environmental improvement (size of the environmental spending 'pie') and (ii) the allocation of environmental spending between pollution control and pollution prevention (how the environmental spending 'pie' is shared). One of the main characteristics of supply chain uncertainty is the additional managerial pressure it imposes to achieve operational objectives. Among other things, it can be argued that it diverts limited managerial and organizational attention away from environmental issues. The ABV becomes an interesting theoretical lens in that particular context.
The ABV suggests that managerial attention allocated to different issues is determined by three principles.
First, the managers have limited cognitive capacity to give all of the
managerial issues the adequate level of attention. Often referred to as
bounded rationality,
this principle leads to manager's selective attention. The notion of
bounded rationality in the environmental management literature starts to
make inroads particularly in studies pertaining to the intersection of
environmental policy and 'corporate' response
– its direct application to environmental decisions within business
organizations remains, however, quite sparse.
The second ABV's principle suggests that the degree of managerial attention directed to a particular issue or event depends on the operating contexts. This second principle emphasizes on the 'situation' as a key determinant of the manager's attention focus. For example, Muller and Whiteman suggest that a corporation's geographical proximity to emerging human needs (e.g., from a natural disaster) amplifies its philanthropic response to those needs. Finally, each organization have policies and procedures that guide the limited managerial attention to specific issues. For example, an organization like Walmart focuses on cost reduction as indicated by their everyday low price strategy percolating throughout the organization and incite the different functions in the organization to devote more attention for operational and supply efficiency (even those related to environmental management). Ocasio, calls this third factor the structural distribution of attention.
The ABV has recently been used as a theoretical lens in the business sustainability literature – for example, the ABV was leveraged to explain corporate social responsibility and performance, climate change adaptation, and green information system practices adoption. Pinske and Gasbarro study on the oil and gas industry indicates that different attention channels (selective, situated, and structural) lead to different climate change adaptation strategies.
Environmental spending is defined here as all of the resources that can be directed toward environmental improvement projects. The resources can be money, time, or people – the notion of time and people is directly and positively linked to the attention available to address environmental issues. The basic premise of this paper is that as supply chain uncertainty increases the managerial attention devoted to peripheral or noncore activities is reduced. In other words, bounded rationality compound by an operating context plagued by supply chain uncertainty limits the managers' attention to adequately attend to green issues. With an increasing level of supply chain uncertainty more organizational resources including managerial attention are channeled to core supply chain activities. For instance, several organizations facing uncertainty would build flexibility in the supply chain taking the form of buffer inventory, a larger supply base, or excess capacity all of which requires more resources to implement or manage – by the same token less resources are available for environmental management.
H1: As supply chain uncertainty increases, the resources allocated to environmental management decreases.
The environmental management literature has emphasized the difference between eliminating pollution at the source and abating the pollution after it is created. Building on the operations strategy (structural vs. infrastructural elements), Klassen and Whybark introduced a classification of environmental technologies into three mutually exclusive groups. First, pollution prevention is defined as structural changes aiming to reduce pollution at the source. Structural changes are physical and 'tangible' changes made to products and/or process. The second group of technologies is pollution control which includes the structural changes that assure a proper treatment of the pollution after it is created. End-of-pipe technologies are a good example of pollution control. Finally, all other investments that are infrastructural by definition such as training, audits, documentation, or procedures constitute the third group named management systems. The nature of management systems can be either for preventive activities (e.g., procedures to reduce energy consumption) or control purposes (e.g., audit, training regarding response to a spill). Hence, the focus here is on the contrast between pollution prevention and pollution control as structural-related spending.
As the uncertainty increases in the supply chain, it creates additional constraints on the already limited organizational and managerial attention. The literature suggests that as constraints increase on resources including attention, the propensity to innovate is reduced. Resource constraints can also bias managers toward the exploitation of existing procedures and operations capabilities rather than exploring new ways of operating. In essence, supply chain uncertainty fosters the adoption of an exploitation approach to operations rather than an exploration approach. Pollution prevention with technical changes to products and/or significant equipment modifications affects the core of organization activities, and as such, it is more aligned with an exploration approach. In other words, supply chain uncertainty is not conducive for pollution prevention. In contrast, pollution control devices allow to address an environmental issue without tampering with the existing technical systems (product or process) – facing high level of supply chain uncertainty, a manager would lean on keeping the existing technologies and the related capabilities intact, privilege the exploitation of the existing operational competences, and opt for less disruptive pollutio control technologies.
H2: As supply chain uncertainty increases, the allocation of resources to environmental management is shifted from pollution prevention to pollution control.
Methodology
A survey of Canadian manufacturing plants was conducted in spring of 2011. A sample of 1001 Canadian plants, located in the provinces of Quebec and Ontario, with more than 100 employees was randomly selected from the Canadian Scott's Directory. The Canadian Scott's Directory is a systematic and comprehensive dataset of Canadian manufacturing plant's executives contact information with data that are verified continuously to assure accuracy. The target respondent was the plant manager and a total of 251 responses were collected from which a total of 215 to 237 were usable for the different models tested. The effective response rate was 21.5%.
More specifically, the industries selected included those from the North American Industrial Classification Systems (NAICS) codes 315 to 337, mainly including discrete goods industries excluding process-based sectors such as paper, petroleum, and chemical products which are heavily controlled by command-and-control regulations. Also, the discrete good industries have more opportunities to perform product modifications than commodity-based industries leading to wider possibilities in terms of pollution prevention technologies.
Several nonresponse bias tests were conducted and revealed no indication of such a bias. To minimize key-informant bias, we contacted each plant by phone prior to sending the survey to identify the manager most knowledgeable about the environmental management at the plant.
Measurements
Supply chain uncertainty was measured using six items in the survey that were making inquiries about the degree of predictability of the supply base, the internal operations, and the demand as compared to the industry average. These items were developed specifically for this study and are presented in Table 1. They were inspired from the work in supply chain complexity. For example, Bozarth et al. suggest that complexity has a dynamic dimension, which is very close to the notion of supply chain variability and uncertainty. For example, they were explicit about demand variability and suppliers' unreliable deliveries in their description of dynamic complexity. Demand volatility and production schedule changes were metrics used in the literature to capture uncertainty in the supply chain. The different items were reverse coded to reflect supply chain uncertainty. Two items reflected the level of uncertainty from the supply base by determining the level of lots acceptance and the delivery reliability. The internal production system uncertainty was measured through the level of equipment reliability and the stability of the production schedule. Finally, two items aimed at capturing the uncertainty from the demand.
Table 1 Factor Analysis: Supply Chain Uncertaintya,b
| Items | Loadingsc | |
|---|---|---|
| Component 1 | Component 2 | |
| Demand stability | .875 | .129 |
| Demand forecasting accuracy | .889 | .099 |
| Level of supplier's delivery reliability | .273 | .762 |
| Level of supplier's lots acceptance | .049 | .873 |
| Reliability of the production equipment | .169 | .672 |
| Stability of the production scheduling | .624 | .357 |
| Eigenvalue | 2.788 | 1.209 |
| Cronbach's alpha (items in bold) | .764 | .698 |
- aThe leading question was: "Rate the following plant's characteristic against the industry average". The items were reverse coded to capture uncertainty
- bExploratory factor analysis using principle components with varimax rotation
- cComponent 1 = demand uncertainty; component 2 = supply uncertainty
An exploratory factor analysis was performed on these six items leading to a solution with two dimensions: (i) demand uncertainty (Cronbach's alpha = 0.764) and (ii) supply uncertainty (Cronbach's alpha = 0.698) (Table 1). The factor analysis indicated that the items considered as internal systems uncertainty were split between demand and supply uncertainty. The item pertaining to scheduling changes (arguably triggered by demand fluctuations) loaded on the demand uncertainty dimension. The item reflecting equipment reliability together with the two supply base related items can be viewed as uncertainty associated with the task of supplying goods to customers, hence, the label supply uncertainty.
A four-item scale was used to capture the degree of environmental practices implemented in a plant. This scale is a proxy for the level of resources for environmental management that are spent in a plant. These items asked the respondents to express the degree of resources invested in different environmental initiatives such as pollution prevention, recycling of materials, life cycle analysis, and waste reduction. This set of items was also used in previous studies linking lean management to environmental management. The factor analysis indicated that the four items were loading on the same component (Table 2) with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.794.
Table 2 Factor Analysis: Environmental Practicesa,b
| Items | Loadings |
|---|---|
| Pollution prevention | .788 |
| Recycling of materials | .800 |
| Life cycle analysis | .717 |
| Waste reduction | .842 |
| Eigenvalue | 2.483 |
| Cronbach's alpha | .794 |
- aThe leading question was: "Over the last 2 years, to what extent has your plant invested resources (money, time, and/or people) in programs in the following areas?"
- bExploratory factor analysis using principle components with varimax rotation
A second variable capturing the level of resources devoted to environment management in a plant was the proportion of the capital budget that was allocated to the environmental projects. The respondents were asked to indicate the percentage of the capital budget by selecting one of the seven choices ranging from less than 1 to 12% – the answers were coded on a scale from 1 to 7, accordingly.
The selection of different environmental technologies by plant managers (i.e., pollution prevention, pollution control, and management systems) was measured by a 'forced' allocation question in the survey. The respondents were asked to allocate 100 points to five different types of environmental expenditures: two were associated with pollution prevention, two were related to pollution control, and the fifth type was about management systems.
Plant and company size measured by taking the natural logarithmic transformation of the number of employees were both introduced as control variables: this is consistent with recent research in environmental management that has included organizational size in the analysis. The respondents were from the two largest provinces in Canada (Ontario and Quebec) with different regulatory context: a dummy was introduced ("province") in the analysis to capture such a difference. Finally, because a certified environmental management system such as ISO 14001 could have an impact on both the level and the type of environmental spending, a dummy variable was also introduce to capture plant's certification.
Empirical Analysis
Bivariate correlations are presented in Table 3. There is a significant correlation between the environmental practices scale and the percentage of the capital budget devoted to environmental projects. This correlation suggests that somehow these two variables are representing a similar concept. The two scales measuring supply chain uncertainty correlated at 42% indicating potential for collinearity if they are both introduced in the regression model. The data was analyzed using hierarchical regressions with demand and supply uncertainty entered separately in the models.
Table 3 Correlationsa,b
| Mean | s.d. | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Environmental practices | 4.0 | 1.3 | ||||||||||
| 2. % of capital budget | 2.3 | 1.5 | .339* | |||||||||
| 3. Pollution prevention | 51.5 | 28.5 | −.016 | .120 | ||||||||
| 4. Pollution control | 26.1 | 24.0 | −.063 | .147† | −.596* | |||||||
| 5. Management systems | 22.4 | 24.0 | .082 | −.005 | −.593* | −.293* | ||||||
| 6. Demand uncertainty | 2.8 | 1.1 | −.181* | .041 | −.083 | .186* | −.086 | |||||
| 7. Supply uncertainty | 2.4 | 0.8 | −.092 | .011 | −.149† | .157† | .020 | .420* | ||||
| 8. ISO 14001 certification | 0.2 | 0.4 | .196* | .204* | −.321* | −.040 | .438* | −.081 | −.101 | |||
| 9. Plant size | 4.8 | 1.0 | .155† | .103 | −.145 | −.008 | .181* | −.166* | −.075 | .314* | ||
| 10. Company size | 6.0 | 1.8 | .018 | .102 | −.231* | .003 | .277* | −.051 | −.007 | .380* | .536* | |
| 11. Province | 0.7 | 0.4 | −.142† | −.198* | .157† | −.016 | −.132† | .173* | .105 | −.174* | −.039 | −.101 |
- aPearson correlation except for "ISO 14001 certification" and "Province" for which a Spearman correlation was computed (because of the binary nature of these two variables)
- b* p-value < .01; † p-value < .05
Environmental Spending
The results of the regressions pertaining to environmental spending are presented in Table 4. Weak support for hypothesis H1 was found as demand uncertainty was negatively linked to the level of environmental practices (Model 1; p-value < .05). However, supply uncertainty was not impacting the level of environmental practices (Model 1; p-value > .10). The proportion of the capital budget devoted to environmental projects was neither affected by demand uncertainty nor by supply uncertainty. Not surprising, the plants that were ISO 14001 certified had higher level of environmental practices (Model 1; p-value < .01); however, it was not linked to the proportion of capital budget related to environmental projects.
Table 4 Regressions: Environmental Managementa,b
| Environmental practices | % of capital budget to environment | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1.1 | Model 1.2 | Model 1.3 | Model 2.1 | Model 2.2 | Model 2.3 | |
| Plant sizec | .134† | .118 | .133† | .047 | .059 | .049 |
| Company sizec | −.133† | −.141† | −.131† | .037 | .041 | .036 |
| Provinced | −.083 | −.058 | −.081 | −.170* | −.188** | −.172* |
| ISO 14001e | .180* | .181* | .177* | .086 | .085 | .088 |
| Demand uncertainty | −.148* | .098 | ||||
| Supply uncertainty | −.037 | .031 | ||||
| R-square | .056** | .077** | .057* | .056* | .065* | .057* |
| F-statistics | 3.433 | 3.835 | 2.805 | 3.337 | 3.116** | 2.706 |
| ∆ R-square | .021* | .001 | .009 | .008 | ||
- aStandardized betas reported. Number of observations: 237 for environmental practices and 231 for capital budget
- b** = p-value < .01; * = p-value < .05; † = p-value < .10
- cThe company and plant size were computed by taking the natural logarithmic transformation of the number of employees
- dThis is a dummy variable where 0 is Ontario and 1 is Quebec
- eThis is a dummy variable where 0 is a not ISO 14001 certified plant and 1 is a certified plant
Pollution Prevention and Pollution Control
Because the level of resources devoted to environmental management can have an influence on sustainable product innovation and that kind of innovation is associated with pollution prevention, three blocks of variables were used in each of the hierarchical regression model. First, the control variables were entered followed by three environmental management variables: ISO 14001 certification, percent of the capital budget devoted to environmental projects, and the proportion of infrastructural resources devoted to environmental management (i.e., management systems). Finally, either demand or supply uncertainty was entered in the model. This approach allowed to assess the additional variance explained in the dependent variable from supply chain uncertainty.
Strong support for hypothesis H2 was found (Table 5). Supply chain uncertainty was negatively linked to pollution prevention (Model 3.3, p-value < .01 and Model 3.4, p-value < .01) and positively linked to pollution control (Model 4.3, p-value < .01 and Model 4.4, p-value < .01). In fact, when put together in the regression (not reported in Table 5), demand uncertainty and supply uncertainty contributed significantly to the variance explained (i.e., the change in R-square from the introduction of the two variables). The increase in the R-square when both uncertainty variables were included was 2.9% (p-value < .01) for pollution prevention and 4.1% (p-value < .01) for pollution control. Therefore, an increasing level of supply chain uncertainty is associated with a shift of environmental spending from pollution prevention to pollution control.
Table 5 Regressions: Pollution Prevention and Pollution Controla,b
| Pollution Prevention | Pollution Control | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 3.1 | Model 3.2 | Model 3.3 | Model 3.4 | Model 4.1 | Model 4.2 | Model 4.3 | Model 4.4 | |
| Plant sizec | .022 | .025 | .011 | .021 | −.020 | −.029 | −.013 | −.024 |
| Company sizec | −.233** | −.055 | −.060 | −.054 | .016 | .066 | .071 | .065 |
| Provinced | .143* | .037 | .067 | .046 | −.036 | −.044 | −.079 | −.054 |
| ISO 14001e | −.076 | −.078 | −.089 | .091 | .092 | .106 | ||
| % capital budget | −.087 | −.071 | −.082 | .103 | .084 | .097 | ||
| Management systems | −.541** | −.543** | −.527** | −.346** | −.345** | −.364** | ||
| Demand uncertainty | −.148** | .176** | ||||||
| Supply uncertainty | −.142** | .169** | ||||||
| R-square | .075** | .372** | .392** | .173** | .002 | .114** | .143** | .142** |
| F- Statistics | 5.678 | 20.502 | 19.084 | 19.032 | 0.112 | 4.467 | 4.942 | 4.905 |
| ∆ R-square | .297** | .021** | .020** | .113** | .029** | .028** | ||
- aStandardized betas reported. Number of observations: 215
- b** = p-value < .01; * = p-value < .05; † = p-value < .10
- cThe company and plant size were computed by taking the natural logarithmic transformation of the number of employees
- dThis is a dummy variable where 0 is Ontario and 1 is Quebec
- eThis is a dummy variable where 0 is a plant that is not ISO 14001 certified and 1 is a certified plant
Discussion and Concluding Remarks
The empirical analysis provides support for the hypotheses developed in Linking Supply Chain Uncertainty to Environmental Management section. While supply chain uncertainty has a limited impact on the level of resources devoted to environmental management ("the size of the pie"), it has an important role in the allocation of these resources ("how the pie is shared"). In particular, organizations with higher supply chain uncertainty taking the form of unreliable supplier performance (i.e., lots quality and delivery) or unpredictable demand, are likely to favor structural investment that are more peripheral in nature such as remediation projects, end-of-pipe technologies, or proper discharging mechanisms. Supply chain uncertainty as a contextual variable might explain the observed bias for pollution control investments and expenditures found in Canadian macro data presented in the introduction.
The fact that uncertainty diverts away structural pollution prevention solutions has certainly important managerial implications. The environmental literature has determined that pollution prevention is the segment of environmental management (as opposed to control) that creates value for organizations. Therefore, higher level of supply chain uncertainty has a crowding-out effect on possible green value-added solutions. If an organization wants its managers to privilege value-added environmental solutions, it needs to reduce supply chain uncertainty. A reduction of supply chain uncertainty not only reduces the need for resilience mechanisms such as building buffers in the system, but also creates a more suitable context for adopting performance enhancing environmental solutions. Furthermore, the results also imply that the addressing downstream uncertainty is more impactful on both the level and the allocation of resources pertaining to environmental management.
This paper confirms supply chain uncertainty as an important operating context variable as it further constrains managerial attention. It forces the managers to focus increasingly on the organization core operations and objectives, which generally do not related to green issues. The resulting lower level of attention to environmental management in the organization encourages managers to privilege less disruptive and less intrusive technologies to address environmental issues – in other words, pollution control devices. As such, the empirical analysis supports the ABV and recent related environmental management research. Another theoretical contribution resides in the fact that most studies does not fully account for the business context when studying the adoption of environmental technologies. In addition, it is conceivable that even when pollution prevention is adopted that the level of attention to implement effectively the value-added technology is not adequate lessening, in turn, the technological performance. Therefore, studies examining the link between environmental management efforts and organizational performance should consider controlling for supply chain uncertainty. The newly developed scale to measure such uncertainty can be used for future research and constitutes an empirical contribution to the literature.
This study comes with limitations. The first aspect of limitation is the reliance on a single-respondent in the survey – this is particularly true when perceptual scales are used in the analysis. Multiple respondents with interrater reliability assessment would be preferred. However, other recent environmental management studies have argued that if this potential bias exists, it should not be a major concern. A second issue related to the study is its emphasis on discrete goods manufacturing sector. While focusing on such a targeted sector provides insightful results, it leaves aside the resource industries along with the chemical and paper industries, i.e. the most polluting industries. Considering other industries can lead to another path for future research – building on the work from Lo, the relative impact of demand and supply uncertainty might shift depending on the position of the organization in the supply chain. As we move upstream in the supply chain, demand uncertainty might have a relatively lower impact than supply uncertainty.
This study can be refined further by considering the impact of uncertainty on pollution prevention adoption in core activities (direct process or product modification) and non-core activities as defined in Thoumy and Vachon. Pollution prevention technologies such as better ventilation systems, redesigned packaging, or renewable energy can be considered as peripheral to the core operations and their adoption might not be as affected by supply chain uncertainty.
This paper started with the premise that supply chain uncertainty might explain the propensity of organizations to adopt pollution control instead of value creating technologies that reduce pollution at the source (i.e., pollution prevention). It developed hypotheses ground in the ABV and tested them with Canadian manufacturing data. The results suggest that while supply chain uncertainty does not overly impact the level of resources devoted to environmental management, it does influence how these resources are allocated to different technologies.