From Information Experience to Consumer Engagement

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to propose and empirically validate a model that explains user experiences with information interactions on fashion brand pages, leading to consumer engagement on social media. Specifically, this study tests whether values involved in information interactions prompt positive emotions, which in turn foster experiential states contributing to customer engagement intentions. The moderating role of curiosity is also examined. Data from 290 users of fashion brand page in South Korea were collected using a web-based survey method. Structural equation modeling and the PROCESS macro were used to test the research hypotheses. The results revealed that the perceived values involved in information interactions (usefulness, enjoyment) elicit positive emotions, which foster experiential states (satisfaction, cognitive engagement, elaboration) that lead to engagement intentions with brand pages. The results also showed the moderating effect of curiosity on the relationship between perceived values and positive emotions. Theoretical and practical contributions are discussed.

---

Source: Delisia Matthews, Qiana Cryer-Coupet, and Nimet Degirmencioglu, https://fashionandtextiles.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40691-021-00246-9#Sec20
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

Introduction

Social media has made significant changes in the way people interact with and shop for products, becoming an integral part of everyday life. In response, fashion brands have made tremendous efforts to distinguish themselves on social media in order to increase customer engagement. As a result, many brands are witnessing the success of their social media presence. Operating a profile page on social media (aka, a brand page) allows brands to enjoy various benefits with no cost, such as posting advertisements and product-related information, providing real-time communication and customer service, and offering personalized and shoppable content. Unsurprisingly, engagement with social media continues to grow from the standpoint of both brands and consumers. For example, as of 2019, 98% of fashion brands managed brand pages on Instagram, and 95% of online consumers aged between 18 and 34 and 80% of Instagram users followed a brand page on social media. In such a competitive and constantly changing environment, it has become crucial for brands to develop better brand page strategies not only to attract new customers but also to increase current customer engagement.

Consumer engagement, defined as a consumer's psychological state and participation beyond transactional activities during their iterative and co-creative interaction with an object (such as a brand, product, or brand page), is a prerequisite for the success of platforms and brands and therefore has become the key objective that social marketers desire to achieve. Accordingly, consumer engagement for the success of brands' digital platforms, such as social media, has attracted increasing attention from researchers in two primary foci. First, researchers have demonstrated that consumer engagement with a brand page can be multitudinous, encompassing passive interactions (such as consuming the information on the brand page) as well as active interactions (for example providing feedback, posting content, and referring brand posts to their friends). Second, many studies have identified the drivers predicting consumer engagement, including perceived benefits of using the platform, content characteristics, marketing efforts, community features, social media experiences, and individual consumer characteristics. However, how the multi-dimensions of information experiences work as drivers for consumer engagement remains unexplored. That is, there is little research into the process of users' information experiences influencing consumer intentions to engage with the brand page. Moreover, the perspective of value-in-the-experience argues that an individual value is the process of an individual's sense-making process, which is subjective and constitutes experiences within the context of the user's lifeworld. Applying this notion to the brand page context, Carlson et al. accentuated the role of value in the brand page experience in driving consumer engagement. This experiential perspective provides an alternative view of consumer behavior in a service environment that has shifted the focus from the components provided by the service provider to the experiences that consumers personally have in the environment. Although there have been many studies conducted in the brand page context, most have applied value/benefit frameworks focusing on the users' assessment of characteristics of brand posts (such as quality, time, type, and source of posts) and/or brand pages (such as social presence and marketing efforts). Research investigating what consumers derive from information experiences on brand pages and whether this translates into consumer engagement intentions toward the brand page is needed. Therefore, we aim to fill this void in the literature by developing and testing a model of information experiences on brand pages that contributes to the knowledge of consumers' information experiences and subsequent engagement intentions toward brand pages on social media.

To this end, this study focuses on consumer experiences of information on fashion brand pages, namely information experiences. An information experience is defined as what occurs in the interaction between an individual and the informational lifeworld they encounter. Given the widespread use of social media in individuals' lives, social media have created new and dynamic information environments where people actively seek, acquire, create, and share information, extending individuals' information experiences in their lives. Thus, understanding how information experiences on brand pages foster strong engagement will help brands develop more engaging and meaningful pages. As different environments involve different sets of information, understanding the nature and the process of one's information experience specific to a brand page is important. Researchers in this field assert that, going beyond documentary evidence, information encompasses all information-related actions, thoughts, feelings, and life experiences. Thus, one's information experience is subjective and situated and affects one's meaning-making process, which facilitates engagement in the informational environments. Similarly, brand pages are particularly interactive platforms in which multiple information sources, such as texts, images, videos, hashtags, and links, are supported. In this dynamic environment, consumers' interactions with information are likely to vary as they seek, browse, consume, and share information, thereby forming unique information experiences. Focusing on information experiences with a brand page, this study claims that this new information channel can facilitate unique information experiences for users, which will develop engagement with the focal brand page.

To develop a model of information experiences on brand pages, this study builds on the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions, the control–value theory of achievement emotions and van der Sluis' framework of information eXperience (IX). In brief, the proposed model posits that one's information experience consists of perceived values of information interactions, emotions elicited, and experiential states and in turn influences engagement intentions toward brand pages. We further assert that curiosity is another key factor relevant to learning and arousing positive emotions in information experiences. As people differ in the extent to which they experience information, personal differences such as curiosity can differentiate the nature of the information interaction process. In a brand page setting where consumers interact with available information, one's degree of curiosity plays a moderating role in the effects of the perceived values related to the information interactions on positive emotions. Therefore, this study aims to propose and empirically validate a model of information experiences on brand pages. Specifically, we tested whether values involved in information interactions prompted positive emotions, which in turn would foster experiential states contributing to customer engagement intentions. We also investigated the moderating role of curiosity in the relationship between perceived values and positive emotions.

Literature review

The model of information experience on brand pages

The proposed model of information experience on brand pages is presented in Fig. 1. It explains the process of one's information experiences on a brand page leading to engagement intentions toward the brand page. This model was developed by drawing on the cognitive appraisal theory of emotions and the control–value theory of achievement emotions. Cognitive appraisals of emotions are well-developed in psychology, asserting that an individual's appraisal of an event plays a key role in the elicitation and differentiation of emotional experiences. Applying the cognitive appraisal approach to achievement settings, the control–value theory of achievement emotions posits that the appraisals of control and values induce emotions, which then play a role in facilitating cognitive performances and consequent behavioral outcomes. Both theories emphasize the central role of emotions in one's thinking process and performances and have been empirically supported in various settings.

Fig. 1 The proposed model

In an attempt to elucidate one's information experience, van der Sluis applied these appraisal theories of emotions to the context of information systems, developing a model of Information eXperience (IX). In line with the notion that one's information experience is subjective and intimately related to emotions, the model of IX suggests that one's information experience consists of value appraisals, affective states (positive emotions), and experiential states. Specifically, the model of IX describes that if and, if so, how much instrumental and non-instrumental values information objects offer determine the user's affective states, which consequently affect their experiential states during the experience. Theories of cognitive appraisal of emotion and the control–value theory of achievement emotions corroborate the model of IX although the model has not been empirically tested yet. The former highlight the role of cognitive appraisals in the arousal of emotions and cognitive outcomes, and the latter concur that appraisal antecedes emotions, cognitive outcomes, and behaviors in one's information experience. The theories together support the belief model that perceived values related to cognitive appraisals of an object induce emotions, which then facilitate cognitive processes of the object. Applying the model of information-centric experiences to consumer interactions with information on brand pages enables us to find new insights relevant to consumer behavior in response to fashion brands' social media marketing.

Perceived values

Perceived value, an important concept in studies of consumer behavior, refers to an individual's subjective preferential experience that results from an interaction between the individual and an object. Values are considered multifaceted, mainly encompassing two aspects: the extrinsic/utilitarian/instrumental and the intrinsic/hedonic/non-instrumental values. Extrinsic/utilitarian/instrumental values concern practical and functional aspects of interactive objects and/or interactive processes. They are associated with the extent to which an interactive object is useful based on its rational and cognitive aspects. Contrary to utilitarian values, intrinsic/hedonic/non-instrumental values are related to hedonically rewarding experiences during the interaction with an object. They are derived from the subjective assessment of experiential benefits, such as having fun and enjoyable experiences. Given that users take into account information of instrumental as well as non-instrumental relevance, this study captures the extrinsic/utilitarian/instrumental and intrinsic/hedonic/non-instrumental values of a user's information interaction on a brand page by means of perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment, respectively. Previous research has confirmed that users' perceived usefulness and perceived enjoyment are key motivators for people to consume and use social media.

Perceived usefulness is defined as "the degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance". Mainly determined based on rational and cognitive assessments of an object, perceived usefulness is essential to information experiences in that if the information system does not provide users with useful information, there is no need for users to interact with the system. The usefulness that the information interaction brings to the user relates to practical and functional aspects of information experiences on brand pages. In this study, perceived usefulness refers to the extent to which a user perceives their interactions with information on a brand page to be relevant and helpful.

Perceived enjoyment is defined as "the extent to which the activity of using the computer is perceived to be enjoyable in its own right, apart from any performance consequences that may be anticipated". The non-instrumental and hedonic value is critical in users' experiences with interactive products and human–computer interactions (HCIs) because the value can satisfy basic human needs. Consumer behavior research has proven that perceived enjoyment is hedonically rewarding experiences with information. This study defines perceived enjoyment as the degree to which a user perceives their information interactions with a brand page to be fun and entertaining.

Affective responses: positive emotions

Emotions are defined as "mental states of readiness that arise from appraisals of events of one's own thoughts". This study focuses on positive emotions to examine affective responses to a user's information experience. The literature indicates that positive emotion arises when an evaluation of an action is consistent with attaining one's goals. Cognitive appraisal theories of emotions assert that one's cognitive appraisals of an activity play a key role in eliciting and differentiating between emotional experiences. In a similar vein, the control–value theory of achievement emotions supports the impact of one's appraisals of values on the arousal of emotions in the context of learning. The model of IX also suggests that when an activity or an information interaction is perceived to be relevant, values, such as usefulness and enjoyment, induce positive emotions. In a brand page environment, for example, when consumers look for new product information and find the right product accompanied by a 10% discount on the brand page, this instance would provoke positive emotions. Therefore, it is expected that as a consumer perceives greater value in terms of usefulness and enjoyment during their interactions with information on brand pages, more pleasant emotions will arise.

Hypothesis 1

Perceived values involved in information interactions (a: usefulness, b: enjoyment) on a brand page positively influence positive emotions.

Experiential states: satisfaction, cognitive engagement, and elaboration

Positive emotions that arise by values perceived during the information interaction further encourage favorable mental states. Among numerous mental states that can arise during information interactions (such as motivational, cognitive, and regulatory processes), positive emotions particularly stimulate intrinsic motivation leading to self-satisfaction, cognitive resources increasing cognitive engagement, and meta-cognitive and elaborating strategies. Similarly, van der Sluis conceptualizes three prototypical experiences pertinent to information experiences: positive, cognitively engaging, and elaborative experiences. First, a satisfying and positive experience is key to the overall success of interaction systems. As the primary construct of positive experiences in a certain situation, satisfaction is a targeted and integrated experience of information interactions. Second, a cognitively engaging experience refers to a highly concentrated and absorbed mental state while undertaking an activity. Third, an elaboration experience, involving a user's effortful, thoughtful, and conscious processing of information, is different from the other two in that this experiential state reflects the meta-cognitive processing of the experience. In sum, this study focuses on satisfaction, cognitive engagement, and elaboration to examine one's experiential states during an information interaction on a brand page.

Satisfaction

Consumers tend to be satisfied when the outcomes of their consumption behaviors meet or exceed their expectations. Satisfaction, although related to emotions, is distinct in that satisfaction is dependent on the (dis)confirmation between one's expectations and the performance of an object. A rich body of research has shown that positive emotions evoked by consumption experiences influence satisfaction. In a brand page environment, positive emotions stemming from information interactions will foster satisfaction with the overall interaction experience.

Cognitive engagement

To be cognitively engaged means "to be involved, occupied, and interested in something". Cognitive engagement enhances learning, exploratory behavior, and task performance and allows users to be absorbed and engrossed in an activity. Positive emotions evoked by cognitive appraisals facilitate cognitive and motivational processes and learning. Prior studies have supported the pervasive role of positive emotions in enhancing cognitive engagement in learning environments. When users feel happy during information interactions, such feelings increase their willingness to put more effort into the interaction to further scrutinize the information.

Elaboration

Elaboration, defined as a "process of relating semantic information from the target event to other aspects of the individual's knowledge", is an important predictor of self-regulated learning experiences. Elaboration occurs when individuals focus on the information, categorize attributes of the information, and make associations with other pieces of information in their minds. Emotions, whether they are positive or negative, influence one's motivation, elaboration, and critical thinking. Positive feelings allow individuals to think creatively and be flexible and open-minded, stimulating more global processing as they enable people to activate working memory, develop creative problem-solving, and integrate different resources to organize their thoughts. Thus, how one feels during an information interaction will affect elaboration. In the context of information interactions on brand pages, individuals not only scrutinize details of information on a brand page but also compare the information with their own personal experiences. Based on the literature, it is expected that positive emotions will positively facilitate elaboration.

Hypothesis 2

Positive emotions enhance experiential states (a: satisfaction, b: cognitive engagement, c: elaboration) on a brand page.

Brand page engagement intentions

Consumer engagement intentions are widely examined as a proxy for the success of the brand's marketing strategies, such as a brand page on social media. Brand page engagement intentions are defined as the likelihood of continued consumer interactions with brand pages on social media. Engagement has been proven to manifest various forms of positive behaviors beyond transactions, such as customer loyalty, word-of-mouth, co-creation, sharing opinions and content, and assisting other consumers. Particularly, studies have verified the significant role of consumer engagement in the success of technology-mediated environments where engagement drives favorable behavioral intentions toward the brand, such as word-of-mouth, purchase intention, brand loyalty, and brand equity. Thus, fostering consumer engagement with a brand page is critical to the success of the brand's social networking sites and the brand as a whole.

A variety of information sources in social media, such as brand postings and other consumers' comments, contribute to perceptions of information value. Consumer experiences of high-quality information that help consumers stay up-to-date with a brand and its products, learn new things, and solve their own problems is one of the major motivators for using and continuing to use a brand's social media. Thus, pleasant and engaging experiences with information on brand pages enhance consumers' willingness to engage with the brand pages. Even momentary positive experiences with a brand page promote engagement intentions. Based on the literature, it is reasonable to expect that consumers' experiential states aroused during the information interaction on brand pages will affect engagement intentions toward the brand pages.

Hypothesis 3

Experiential states (a: satisfaction, b: cognitive engagement, c: elaboration) positively influence engagement intentions.

Curiosity as a moderator

The degree to which an individual feels curious plays a role in their information processing and emotional responses toward stimulation. Curiosity reflects an "appetitive state involving the recognition, pursuit, and intense desire to investigate novel information and experiences that demand one's attention". The power of curiosity in driving information processing and consumer behavior in digital environments is well established. Curiosity is especially relevant in social media  because information-seeking and exploring contents from brands and others are a key driver for accessing brand pages on social media.

Curiosity affects consumer behavior by prompting a desire for information, even in the absence of external reward, attention, and exploration, thereby enhancing engagement with and the performance of tasks. Moreover, curious people tend to sense an information gap and try to mitigate the discrepancy and/or uncertainty this gap causes by seeking additional information. That is, curiosity engenders information-seeking and goal pursuit. Likewise, curiosity interacts with positive and pleasant feelings and energy so that this source of intrinsic motivation magnifies positive feelings of interest and arousal while making individuals better able to cope with emotional distress. As such, the degree of an individual's curiosity is likely to have an impact on their experiences with information on a brand page. Curiosity in this study refers to the extent to which one perceives themselves to be inquisitive when they interact with information on brand pages.

Curious individuals tend to be highly involved in their current situations and feel positive toward stimulation. Perceptions of curiosity from interacting with new information of personal interest (e.g., new fashion trends or co-creation opportunities) can function as an intrinsic reward and thus heighten feelings of pleasure and satisfaction. These intrinsically rewarded efforts facilitate pleasant feelings when the activity itself is interesting, enjoyable, and useful to the consumers, since the process provokes their curiosity. Accordingly, it is expected that perceived curiosity moderates the effects of perceived values on positive emotions aroused during information interactions on brand pages.

Hypothesis 4

Perceived curiosity moderates the relationship between the perceived values of information interactions and positive emotions experienced on a brand page. That is, compared to low curiosity, high curiosity strengthens the positive effects of perceived values on positive emotions (a: usefulness, b: enjoyment).

Method

Data collection

To collect the data, this study used a web-based survey with adult consumers in South Korea who followed more than one fashion brand’s social networking site (SNS). The survey was administered by a professional panel provider in South Korea, and 290 usable responses were collected for analysis. Upon arrival at the survey site, participants read a brief introduction regarding the study and the definition of SNS. Then, they were asked to name the SNS brand page they had most recently visited and to consider this SNS page when answering the questionnaire.

Measures

The survey contained multi-item questions designed to measure key research variables (see Table 2). All variables, except for usefulness, positive emotions, and demographic information, were assessed using a seven-point Likert scale (one = strongly disagree; seven = strongly agree). Usefulness and positive emotions were also measured on a seven-point scale with semantic differential items. All measures were adopted from previous studies, which demonstrated evidence of reliability and construct validity. A total of seven items were used to capture perceived values involved in information interactions - four items for usefulness and three items for enjoyment. Positive emotions were measured using a four-item scale from Nambisan and Baron. Experiential states were measured in terms of satisfaction, cognitive engagement, and elaboration. Two items from Song and Zinkhan were used to gauge satisfaction; three items from Lin et al. assessed cognitive engagement; and a five-item elaboration scale from Oh and Sundar and Kahlor et al. was used to measure elaboration. Consumer engagement intentions and curiosity were assessed using five items adopted from Verhagen et al. and two items from Huang), respectively.

Results

Sample characteristics

The demographic characteristics of respondents are summarized in Table 1. The mean age of the respondents was 28 years old, ranging from 20 to 49, and 69.0% were female. The respondents were fairly well-educated, with 56.6% indicating that they had completed a university degree or above. As for SNS usage, respondents listed Facebook (79%), Instagram (77.2%), Kakao Story (39%), Twitter (27.9%), and Pinterest (6.2%) as their favorite SNSs. The average time per day respondents spent on SNSs was approximately 35 min.

Discussion

The purpose of this research was to understand user experiences with information interactions on brands' social media pages. In line with theories of cognitive appraisals of emotion in psychology and education conceptually developed in information systems, this study conceptualized a model of information experiences on brand pages and validated the model within the context of fashion brands' social media pages. Specifically, consumers consider a brand's social media page to function as a source of information in which values (usefulness, enjoyment) experienced during information interactions elicit positive emotions, which foster experiential states (satisfaction, cognitive engagement, and elaboration). This study further showed that the effect of values on positive emotions is moderated by curiosity. Based on these results, we argue that a user's engagement toward a fashion brand page can be enhanced when the user has strong and positive information experiences on the brand's page.

This paper contributes to the literature on consumer engagement, information experiences, and appraisals of emotions in several ways. First, the study adds value to the expanding discourse on consumer engagement in the context of social media brand pages. By examining the effects of individuals' information experiences on their consumer engagement intentions with brand pages, the study posits that an individual's information experiences offer an important viewpoint to understand consumer engagement with a service environment, such as brand pages on social media. Carlson et al. addressed values experienced during individuals' interactions with brand pages as drivers of consumer engagement. This study extends their findings by showing that consumer engagement can develop through their information experiences during their interactions with brand pages. In a similar vein, in a netnography study, Brodie et al.  asserted that the need for information is a basic customer need in an online brand community environment and developed a model of customer engagement in which learning is a key sub-process of consumer engagement. Their model is corroborated by our quantitative investigation with consumer surveys that underscores the significance of taking users' information experiences into account regarding customer engagement in interactive and experiential environments, such as brand pages.

Second, to answer our questions, what are information experiences on brand pages, how is information experienced, and why is it important in this context, we developed a model by coordinating theoretical frameworks from different disciplines, including psychology, education, and information systems. The cross-disciplinary approach helped us propose a model of consumer engagement in fashion brand social media pages that centers around the view of information experiences. Specifically, the study demonstrated that information experiences comprise three components - instrumental and non-instrumental values, affective responses, and experiential states - in agreement with the concepts of user experience and information experience. Additionally, the causal relationships among these components are in line with the appraisal perspectives of emotions. Together, this study offers a preliminary insight into what occurs in the intersection between consumers and an online information world managed by fashion brands, opening up new studies on consumer information experiences and engagement in relation to digital fashion marketing.

More specifically, as for antecedents to positive emotions, both instrumental (usefulness) and non-instrumental (enjoyment) values resulting from users' information experiences strongly influence the arousal of positive emotions, consistent with the notions of values in consumer research and information systems and HCIs. Among many types of values, values from information experiences on a brand page are of particular interest to this study. When consumers find browsing, reading, and/or sharing information useful and enjoyable, they are likely to have positive emotions, such as happiness, pleasure, and the feeling of fun. On a brand's social media page, many tangible sources (for example images, verbal content, videos, hashtags, and links by the brand), internal information (such as their feelings, thoughts, and personal experiences), and external information (such as others in the place) can be informative to users. They represent instrumental as well as non-instrumental values and contribute to positive emotions.

Regarding outcomes of positive emotions, this study delineates three prototypical experiential states occurring from information experience on brand pages: satisfaction, cognitive engagement, and elaboration experiences. While the findings indicate that consumers are more willing to engage with brand pages when they are satisfied, cognitively engaged, and elaborating on the information in the process of information interactions on brand pages, the relative magnitude of effects they had on engagement intention was different. That is, among the three experiential states, satisfaction had the strongest impact on engagement intentions, confirming the direct and strong relationships between satisfaction and loyalty discussed in numerous studies. Since satisfaction is associated with the overall evaluation about the quality of experiences, while cognitive engagement and elaboration rather specify individuals' process of cognitive performances, satisfaction is deemed to be the most powerful determinant of consumer behavioral intentions, such as engagement intentions. The dynamics of the experiential states merits future research to deepen our understanding of this phenomenon.

Third, the results from this study support the appraisal theories of emotions from psychology and education by demonstrating the central role of emotions in processing information experiences. Our findings indicate that one's appraisals deriving from an activity are central to the arousal of emotions, which further facilitate the cognitive outcomes of the activity. In this study, values from information interactions are subjectively appraised by consumers based on what they want to achieve through the interaction, which then influences their emotions. Aligning with the literature about information experiences, which explains that the emotional valence of information experience is another information source that motivates a user to continue interacting with information for decision making, this study highlights the significance of understanding emotions to explain information experiences and consumer behavior in the context of social media brand pages.

Fourth, we found that the effect of values on positive emotions is contingent on the level of curiosity an individual experiences while interacting on a brand page. The influence perceived values - both instrumental and non-instrumental - have on inducing positive emotions is stronger for consumers experiencing higher levels of curiosity than others. In line with studies asserting that individuals with a high level of curiosity are more likely to seek and respond to information that is personally meaningful and that curiosity is positively associated with emotions of interest, this study's findings offer evidence that how much of curiosity users experience on a brand's social media page affects the cognitive appraisal–emotions process.

Insights derived from this study also have implications for fashion brands' social media marketing. Despite anecdotal evidence that understanding information experiences in this service environment is a priority, there had been little research. The current study proves that successful information experiences enhance consumer engagement intentions toward a brand page. Consumer engagement on the brand page is the key to loyalty, satisfaction, empowerment, connection, emotional bonding, trust, and commitment, and in this regard, managerial efforts should be made to understand the target customer, how they interact with information, and what information sources they check on the brand page. Characterization of information experiences explored from the users' perspective will enable fashion brand managers and social media marketers to develop more relevant strategies.

This study can also help businesses design brand pages on social media. The findings highlight the role of positive emotions in consumers' interactions with brand pages. Positive emotions are facilitated when consumers perceive their information interactions to be useful and enjoyable. Thus, it becomes important for brand marketers to design their brand pages using posts that are informative, pleasant, and entertaining. In addition to informative sources, such as information about new products, promotions, and sales, other sources for fun and entertaining visits, such as videos, co-creation opportunities, and live streaming events, make customers' visits to the brand page useful, enjoyable, and meaningful. Thus, surveying users' sources of information experiences will allow marketers to analyze what is relevant and perceived to be informative and entertaining yielding positive emotions.

Lastly, the findings on the significant moderating effect of curiosity on the relationship between perceived values and positive emotions suggests that marketers should concentrate on strategies to stimulate users' curiosity when they visit brand pages. For example, designing posts with novel and interesting fashion trends may induce users' curiosity. Marketers may also focus their attention on attracting users with high levels of curiosity to their brand pages.

This study has several limitations. First, this study used a convenience sample collected in South Korea, which may limit the generalization of the findings to other demographics in other countries. Second, the experiential states of information experience presented in this study are based on van der Sluis' conceptual model of IX that has not been empirically validated yet. Since the IX was originally made for information systems, there may be other states of information experiences relevant to fashion brand pages beyond the scope of the present investigation. Therefore, we encourage researchers to explore dimensions of experiential states of information experiences specific to consumer information interactions on fashion brand pages.

Third, our data used self-reported measures relying on respondents' retrospective perceptions of their interactions with information on brand pages that they had selected. Retrospective perceptions may not represent the actual experiences of the moment. Therefore, future research employing techniques that allow the assessment of momentary experiences would be beneficial. For example, considering the nature of subjectivity and context-dependency of information experiences, a phenomenological approach that explores individuals' lived information experiences reflecting their own lifeworld contexts would enable a deeper understanding of the phenomenon. Similarly, using survey methods limits one's information sources that may possibly be available in real situations, where individuals are able to interact with and are influenced by different actors near them or on the internet. Thus, future research needs to explore whether and how the different sources of information provided by different actors (brands, other consumers) shapes users' information experiences, and whether and how information experiences can be molded in the presence of users' perceptions.

Finally, while the present study considered curiosity as a moderator that had an impact on the affective responses toward the information interactions, other moderators may also explain user experiences with information interactions. Especially since people experience information differently, future research exploring individual differences (e.g., need for cognition, need for interaction, and processing style) will enrich the understanding of dynamic information experiences.