Functions, Loops, and Logic

Creating Python Files with the *.py extension

You know a file is a Python program when it ends with a .py extension.

Naming Tips

Just like with formatting, Python's PEP8 guidelines give us a few helpful tips about how to name our Python program files.

In Python:

1. Filenames should be *all lowercase
2. Words should be separated with underscores _
3. Filenames should be short

Some good example filenames:

• apis.py
• exceptions.py
• personal_blog.py

Some bad example filenames:

• MYFILE.PY
• CamelCaseFile.py
• really_long_over_descriptive_project_file_name.py

What are *.pyc files?

For optimization and other reasons, Python code can be compiled to intermediary .pyc files. The good news is you don't have to worry about them. The bad news is, very occasionally stale versions of these compiled files can cause problems. To safely delete them from the current project directory, run find . -name "*.pyc" -delete (on linux or macOS).

git tip: use a .gitignore for Python

If you use git for source control, you'll want to make sure that these compiled *.pyc files are ignored and not added to your repository.

The best way to do this is to add the standard .gitignore file for Python to your project.

Running Python Files From VS Code

Running Python files from VS Code is really quick and easy.

Creating New Python Files

To create a new file in VS Code, hit Ctrl + N on Windows and Linux, and Cmd + N on macOS.

This will open a new file. Next, save the file with a .py extension.

Info

Create a new simple Python program in a file called hello.py in our pyworkshop directory with the following contents:

# in file: hello.py
greetings = ["Hello", "Bonjour", "Hola"]

for greeting in greetings:
    print(f"{greeting}, World!")

Opening The VS Code Terminal Window

Next, you'll need to open your terminal if you don't have it open already. The quick keyboard shortcut to do that is Ctrl - `

Note

If you already had your Python REPL open, you'll need to select a terminal with a shell in it (generally, the one labeled with 1:).

Running The File

Once you've opened your hello.py file and selected your new terminal window, open the VS Code command palette.

Note

Open the command palette with Ctrl+Shift+P on Windows and Linux, and Cmd + Shift + P on macOS.

Select Python: Run Python File in Terminal

You should see:

Hello, World!
Bonjour, World!
Hola, World!

How easy was that?

Running Python Files From a Non-VS Code Terminal

If you want to run a Python file without using the command palette, just open your terminal of choice, cd into the directory with your code, and type in the command python followed by a space, and the name of your Python program. Don't forget to activate your virtual environment like we did in the Environment Setup section.

(env) $ python hello.py
Hello, World!
Bonjour, World!
Hola, World!

This also works in the VS Code terminal.

Printing Tips

One of the nice things about the REPL is we can quickly and easily see the contents of our variables, just by typing their name and pressing enter. Unfortunately, running code from Python files doesn't do quite the same thing.

In a file named name.py:

# file name.py
name = "Nina"
name

Output:

(env) $ python name.py

Notice, there was no output.

Now, in a file named print_name.py:

# file print_name.py
name = "Nina"
print(name)

Output:

(env) $ python name.py
Nina

Hooray! Now we see some output.

Tip

If you want to see any output from your Python programs, you'll need to use print().

Debugging Your Code With print()

As your Python programs become more complicated, you'll want to do some basic debugging to figure out what's going on under the hood. For beginners, using print() is a great way to accomplish that goal.

Note

If you write Python code on a team or plan on sharing it, it's a good idea to remove your debugging print()s before you share your code with others.

In a Python file named mystery.py:

def mystery():
    num = 10 * 3

    if num == 10:
        print("Num was equal to 10")
        num = num * 10
    if num == 20:
        print("Num was equal to 20")
        num = num * 20
    if num == 30:
        print("Num was equal to 30")
        num = num * 30

    print(f"Value of returned num is: {num}")
    return num

mystery()

We'll see the output:

Num was equal to 30
Value of returned num is: 900

Tip: As you continue your Python journey, try using a debugger, like the built-in pdb instead of the print() function to really dive into what your code is doing under the hood.

Output Formatting Tips

If your Python program will have terminal output, you can use these tips to make it a little nicer.

Use new lines and tabs

Use control characters in your string to change how your output is represented.

• \n for new line
• \t for tab

In formatting_example.py:

# Use \n to add a new line, before, in the middle of, or after a string.
print("\nExtra New Line Before")
print("One Print\nTwo New Lines!")
print("Extra New Line After\n")

# Use \t to add a tab.
print("\t Here's some tabbed output.")

# Or, combine both!
print("\nOne Print\n\tOne Tab")

Output running: python3 formatting_example.py.

Extra New Line Before
One Print
Two New Lines!
Extra New Line After

         Here's some tabbed output.

One Print
        One Tab

Pretty Printing with pprint

When printing large data structures like long lists or big dictionaries, they come out on one line. It's a bit hard to read.

If you want a little bit of extra formatting, like having each element of a long list on a new line, you can use the included pprint module (stands for pretty print) in your files or in the REPL.

>>> long_list = list(range(23))

>>> print(long_list)
[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22]

>>> from pprint import pprint
>>> pprint(long_list)
[0,
 1,
 2,
 3,
 4,
 5,
 6,
 7,
 8,
 9,
 10,
 11,
 12,
 13,
 14,
 15,
 16,
 17,
 18,
 19,
 20,
 21,
 22]

Tip

This will become more useful as your Python programs become more complex.