Creating Classes and Methods

In the previous section, we added two Time objects, but you also might want to add an integer to a Time object. The following is a version of __add__ that checks the type of other and invokes either add_time or increment:

# inside class Time:

    def __add__(self, other):
        if isinstance(other, Time):
            return self.add_time(other)
        else:
            return self.increment(other)

    def add_time(self, other):
        seconds = self.time_to_int() + other.time_to_int()
        return int_to_time(seconds)

    def increment(self, seconds):
        seconds += self.time_to_int()
        return int_to_time(seconds)

The built-in function isinstance takes a value and a class object, and returns True if the value is an instance of the class.

If other is a Time object, __add__ invokes add_time. Otherwise. it assumes that the parameter is a number and invokes increment. This operation is called a type-based dispatch because it dispatches the computation to different methods based on the type of the arguments.

Here are examples that use the + operator with different types:

>>> start = Time(9, 45)
>>> duration = Time(1, 35)
>>> print(start + duration)
11:20:00
>>> print(start + 1337)
10:07:17

Unfortunately, this implementation of addition is not commutative. If the integer is the first operand, you get

>>> print(1337 + start)
TypeError: unsupported operand type(s) for +: 'int' and 'instance'

The problem is, instead of asking the Time object to add an integer, Python is asking an integer to add a Time object, and it doesn't know-how. But there is a clever solution to this problem: the special method __radd__, which stands for "right-side add". This method is invoked when a Time object appears on the right side of the + operator. Here's the definition:

# inside class Time:

    def __radd__(self, other):
        return self.__add__(other)

And here's how it's used:

>>> print(1337 + start)
10:07:17

As an exercise, write an add method for Points that works with either a Point object or a tuple:

• If the second operand is a Point, the method should return a new Point whose x coordinate is the sum of the x coordinates of the operands, and likewise for the y coordinates.
• If the second operand is a tuple, the method should add the first element of the tuple to the x coordinate and the second element to the y coordinate, and return a new Point with the result.