Data Mining Techniques in Analyzing Process
Read this article and pay attention to the data mining techniques, classifier development, and evaluation criteria. Then take notes and understand the difference between supervised and unsupervised learning models. Finally, read the summary and discussion section of this article. What distinctions can be made about the three major purposes of problem-solving items using data-mining techniques?
There are different types of data warehouses, and each has a specific purpose within an organization. Remember, it is important to use the correct type of warehouse to support the "decision support" model being employed. Decision support techniques such as classification, prediction, time-series analysis, association, clustering, and so on will each have their own unique data needs. Correctly designing the data warehouse will ensure the best possible evidence to support strategic and daily decisions.
Managing data is an important function in the administrative process. Because organizations use data to guide decisions, decision-makers rely on you to produce a data management plan for sustainability, growth, and strategy. As you start to interact with decision-makers and the decision-support systems they use, you will also find that additional study of the models employed through a course on quantitative methods or decision-support technology will prove useful.
Methods
Instrumentation
There are 42 problem-solving questions in 16 units in 2012 PISA. These items assess cognitive process in solving real-life problems in computer-based simulated scenarios. The problem-solving item, TICKETS task2 (CP038Q01), was analyzed in the current study. It is a level-5 question (there were six levels in total) that requires a higher level of exploring and understanding ability in solving this complex problem. This interactive question requires students explore and collect necessary information to make a decision. The main cognitive processes involved in this task are planning and executing. Given the problem-solving scenario, students need to come up with a plan and test it and modify it if needed. The item asks students to use their concession fare to find and buy the cheapest ticket that allows them to take 4 trips around the city on the subway within 1 day. One possible solution is to choose 4 individual concession tickets for city subway, which costs 8 zeds while the other is to choose one daily concession ticket for city subway, which costs 9 zeds. Figure 1 includes these two options. Students can always use "CANCEL" button before "BUY" to make changes. Correctly completing this task requires students to consider these two alternative solutions, then make comparisons in terms of the costs and end up choosing the cheaper one.
Figure 1. PISA 2012 problem-solving question TICKETS task2 (CP038Q01) screenshots.
This
item is scored polytomously with three score points, 0, 1, or 2.
Students who derive only one solution and fail to compare with the other
get partial credits. Students who do not come up with either of the two
solutions, but rather buy the wrong ticket, get no credit on this item.
For example, the last picture in Figure 1 illustrates the tickets for
four individual full fare for country trains, which cost 72 zeds.
"COUNTRY TRAINS" and "FULL FARE" are considered as unrelated actions
because they are not the necessary actions to accomplish the task this
item requires. In terms of scoring, unrelated actions are allowed as
long as the students buy the correct ticket in the end and make
comparisons during the action process.