Notes

  1. Rudyard Kipling, The Works of Rudyard Kipling, Volume II (New York: Doubleday, 1899), 141.
  2.  For the transformation of Chicago, see William Cronon's defining work, Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the West (New York: Norton, 1991).
  3.  See Richard White, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (New York: Norton, 2011).
  4.  Cronon, Nature's Metropolis, 239.
  5.  David Hochfelder, "Edison and the Age of Invention," in A Companion to the Reconstruction Presidents 1865–1881, ed. Edward O. Frantz (Chichester, UK: Blackwell, 2014), 499.
  6.  Ibid., 499–517.
  7.  William L. Riordon, Plunkitt of Tammany Hall: A Series of Very Plain Talks on Very Practical Politics (New York: McClure, Phillips, 1905).
  8.  Kenyon L. Butterfield, Chapters in Rural Progress (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1908), 15.
  9.  L. H. Bailey, The Harvest of the Year to the Tiller of the Soil (New York: Macmillan, 1927), 60.
  10.  Oscar Osburn Winther, "The Rise of Metropolitan Los Angeles, 1870–1900," Huntington Library Quarterly 10 (August 1947), 391-405.
  11.  "Chamber Meeting," Glendora Gleaner, September 28, 1923.
  12.  Henry Grady, The Complete Orations and Speeches of Henry Grady, ed. Edwin DuBois Shurter (New York: Hinds, Noble and Eldredge, 1910), 7.
  13.  William Fitzhugh Brundage, Lynching in the New South: Georgia and Virginia, 1880–1930 (Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 82–84.
  14.  Grace Elizabeth Hale, Making Whiteness: The Culture of Segregation in the South, 1890–1940 (New York: Pantheon Books, 1998), 201.
  15.  Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, Revolt Against Chivalry: Jessie Daniel Ames and the Women's Campaign Against Lynching (New York: Columbia University Press, 1993), 195.
  16.  Ida B. Wells, Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970).
  17.  Charles Reagan Wilson, Baptized in Blood: The Religion of the Lost Cause, 1865–1920 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1980).
  18.  Washington Gladden, The New Idolatry and Other Discussions (New York: McClure, Phillips, 1905), 21.
  19.  Andrew Carnegie, "Wealth," North American Review 391 (June 1889): 656, 660.
  20.  Michael S. Kimmel, Manhood in America: A Cultural History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2006), 41.
  21.  Norman Vance, The Sinews of the Spirit: The Ideal of Christian Manliness in Victorian Literature and Religious Thought (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985).
  22.  Hochfelder, "Edison and the Age of Invention," 499–517.