State and Local Governments
This report expands on the topic of municipal bonds and discusses the different incentives attached to government bonds. These debt instruments are issued by states and government bodies to finance their investments and spending. In doing so, governments become lenders, which allows them to support specific sectors to help stimulate their economies. For example, how have some governments supported businesses during the coronavirus pandemic?
Classifying State and Local Debt Instruments
Maturity: Short-Term vs. Long-Term
Tax and Revenue Anticipation Notes
State and local governments must borrow money for long periods of time and for short periods of time. Long-term debt instruments are usually referred to as bonds, and carry maturities in excess of one year. Short-term debt instruments are usually referred to as notes, and carry maturities of 12 months or less. If the notes are to be paid from specific taxes due in the near future, they usually are called tax anticipation notes (TANs); if from anticipated intergovernmental revenue, they are called revenue anticipation notes (RANs). If the notes are to be paid from long-term borrowing (e.g., bonds), they are called bond anticipation notes (BANs). Tax anticipation notes and revenue anticipation notes are often grouped together and referred to as tax and revenue anticipation notes (TRANs). Table 1 displays the volume of long-term and short-term borrowing since 1992. Long-term borrowing dominates state and local debt activity in most years, with the long-term share peaking in 2016 at 92.5% of this market.
Figure 1. Volume of State and Local Government Debt Issuances, 1992 to 2016
