BUS631: Brand Management

Brand Image

Brand image is defined as the perception reflected by the various associations that live in the memory of consumers about the brand leading to consumer preferences towards a specific brand. Brand associations consist of attributes, benefits and attitudes. Attributes are grouped into product-related and non-product-related attributes. Product-related attributes are ingredients necessary to deliver the product functionality as expected by consumers. In other words, product-related attributes are features that make the product work or function. In contrast, Keller referred to non-product related as the external components related to the product that have abilities to influence purchasing decisions among consumers. For example, price, endorsements, and colour can be regarded as non-product-related attributes. Benefits are what consumers believe the product will do for them after purchasing it in the form of functional, experiential and symbolic benefits. A consumer may purchase sneakers of the Nike brand because of the symbolic benefits fulfilment. Attitude is described as an overall evaluation of a brand, the certain beliefs that consumers have about a brand, and evaluative judgements based on the beliefs. Attitude can be negative or positive. For example, an individual who enjoys playing basketball might purchase Jordan sneakers by Nike because he believes that Jordan is good for playing basketball.

Brand image plays a key role in making buying decisions because consumer memory about the brand affects whether the consumer will buy a product or not. Marketers must strive to ensure a good reputation for a company that will contribute to a good brand image; thereafter, they must encourage consumers to purchase the product. Big brands in the sports market such as Adidas and Nike are trying to build a strong brand image to become the best sports brand. Wijaya emphasised that brand image is formed by a representation of perceptions and is the foundation for the decision to purchase a product, resulting in brand loyalty. Similarly, the study by Ruixia and Chen proved that brand image is the most influential element motivating brand loyalty. In keeping with the above argument, the following hypothesis is postulated:

H1: Brand image positively influences consumer brand loyalty toward sports footwear brands.

Perceived Quality

Perceived quality refers to individual perceptions or views about the quality of a product. In other words, perceived quality is the subjective judgement of product quality from consumers. Parmar highlighted the fact that the sale of the product relies heavily on its quality as a consumer can quickly reject the poor quality product and switch to another product. Anitha  suggested that marketers must maintain product attributes by conducting audits more frequently and replacing relevant stock. According to Iqbal, consumers judge products based on the performance of the products.

Literature indicates that the quality of products plays a major role in influencing the success of the businesses. In the footwear industry, appearance and other tangible features are necessary because the material that is used in making a product is considered an important element for product quality. Manufacturers of sports footwear must ensure that quality is incorporated in their products as this may encourage brand loyalty among consumers. Balakrishnan and Selvanathan indicated that the quality of the product does influence brand loyalty. Correspondingly, the study of Iqbal revealed that perceived quality has a positive and significant effect on brand loyalty, which influences consumers to be brand loyal. In line with the above-mentioned narrative, the following hypothesis is formulated:

H2: Perceived quality positively influences consumer brand loyalty towards sports footwear brands.

Brand Associations

Aaker defined brand association as anything linked to a brand. Brand association is specific things that deserve and are always associated with a product, can arise from a unique offering of a product, repeated and consistent activities such as sponsorship or social responsibility activities, issues that are very strongly related to a person, owner, and certain symbols and meanings that are very strongly related and attached to a brand. According to Keller, association can be categorised as benefits, attitudes and attributes. Marketers can link a brand with certain attributes such as the spokesperson or logo of the brand. For example, marketers of sports footwear can link famous athletes to their brands such as Usain Bolt.

According to Falahat, brand association contributes to the consumers' value perception and gives them a reason for purchasing a product under the brand. Marketers of sports footwear should try by all means to incorporate enough association towards their brands. Sasmita and Suki emphasised that the higher the product association, the more the brand will be remembered by consumers and be loyal towards the brand. In line with the literature reviewed, the following hypothesis is formulated:

H3: Brand associations positively influence consumer brand loyalty towards sports footwear brands.

Style

Style refers to the visual appearance of a product – this includes design or colour that will influence consumer perceptions about the product. Kinuthia, et al. emphasised that consumers gain more satisfaction by wearing the latest fashion styles that lead to the enhancement of their self-esteem. Fashions are constantly changing over a period of time and consumers purchase the current products trending. Sports footwear markets must move with the times and offer products relevant to the market. As such, the footwear industry will be monitored to improve product style. Moreover, there should be enough stock of current product styles available for sale to consumers.

A product style that appeals greatly to the consumer will create a relational affiliation between the customer and the brand. Such a relationship could result in brand loyalty. According to Kinuthia, product style is influencing brand loyalty and the results from the study of Ronaldo and Atik supported this theory, indicating that product style is an important factor influencing brand loyalty. Similarly, the study by Ruixia and Chen confirmed that product style positively influences brand loyalty to sports footwear. In line with the literature reviewed, the following hypothesis is formulated:

H4: Style positively influences consumer brand loyalty toward sports footwear brands.

Comfort

Product comfort is defined as product relief while using the product. The comfort of the product plays a vital role to consumers and is the most influential when purchasing sports footwear. According to Yeo, consumers are willing to buy sports footwear with comfort and light weight.

Footwear has become a popular category among the youth as it is seen as a self-identification tool that helps consumers to distinguish themselves from the masses with a product giving more comfort. Sports footwear manufacturers should test the comfort of their products by testing product concepts before starting with mass production. This will ensure that consumers are comfortable with the product. In addition, when sports footwear companies advertise their products in mass media, they should demonstrate that their products are durable and comfortable. Brand comfort can lead to brand loyalty. In line with the literature reviewed, the following hypothesis is postulated:

H5: Comfort positively influences consumer brand loyalty towards sports footwear brands.

Colour

Colour is defined as the wavelengths of light in the visual spectrum that are detected by the human retina. Colours influence consumer reactions faster than words. Colour is a very powerful tool to enhance visibility and communication with consumers, even if the brand name is visible enough. Consumers relate to a product through colour and could select or reject the product because of the colour. Beneke et al. emphasised that colour has different meanings in a cultural context. For example, in some countries red is associated with something opposing danger, while in other countries it is associated with love. As such, marketers of sports footwear are advised to consider the associations between packaging colour and consumer response.

According to Mahmud and Gope, colour is the most important factor of a product that affects brand loyalty. Beneke et al.  highlighted that brand loyalty may be affected if there are changes to the colour. To avoid such problems, marketers need to consult consumers and consider their opinions if the company is planning to change the colour. A change in product colour may result in a change in consumer loyalty. Singh emphasised that there is a strong relationship between colour and brand loyalty. In line with the literature reviewed, the following hypothesis is formulated:

H6: Colour positively influences consumer brand loyalty towards sports footwear brands.

Brand Name

Brand name is defined as the term given to a brand, such as Nike, Puma and Adidas. The brand name do not necessarily describe the functionality of the brand. For example, Red Bull is a company manufacturing and selling soft drinks and not bulls. Brand name is essential to group the association of a product and the consumer together. It is important to have a brand name that can be easily pronounced and memorised by consumers. In addition, a brand must have a good reputation. Consumers prefer a brand name with a good reputation. Therefore, a brand name creates awareness and plays a significant role in consumer decision making.

According to Anoosh, a brand name distinguishes a product from its major competitors and affects brand loyalty Similarly, a few studies investigated the effect of the brand name to brand loyalty and confirmed that the brand name positively influences brand loyalty. In line with the literature reviewed, the following hypothesis is stated:

H7: Brand name positively influences consumer brand loyalty towards sports footwear brands.

Price

Price is the amount of money a consumer pays for product ownership. Price is defined as the exchange process of goods from the owner for the value of money from the buyer. Consumers select particular footwear brands based on the price tag. This is how companies generate their source of income. Companies must not overprice products as the price can force consumers to search for other products and switch brands. In contrast, consumers are willing to pay more for products presenting good quality. The willingness from consumers to pay a higher price for a product is motivated by their loyalty to the brand.

Consumers with strong brand loyalty are not price sensitive when the price changes. These consumers are ready to pay extra for their favourite product and the price will not affect their intentions to buy. The literature presents many studies that investigated the effect of price on brand loyalty. The findings of the studies showed that price is an important factor contributing to brand loyalty. In line with the literature reviewed, the following hypothesis is formulated:

H8: Price positively influences consumer brand loyalty toward sports footwear brands.

Endorsement

Endorsement includes well-known celebrities. These celebrities agree to appear with a product in an advertisement. A celebrity can appear in an advertisement using a brand of a manufacturer or give a testimonial about the brand and recommend consumers to buy it. In most cases, sports stars are used as endorsers. Sports stars are favoured and appreciated by the consumers as their daily lives motivate their fans. For example, the world-known athlete Usian Bolt endorsed Puma for many years. Such endorsements are used to make a brand stand out among its competitors.

The importance of celebrity endorsement is to assist in building brand loyalty. These individuals use their fame to spread the brand name with the hope of building brand loyalty. However, a celebrity may not be an expert in product endorsing. Correspondingly, some studies revealed that celebrity endorsers do not always influence brand loyalty. However, based on the theoretical reasoning stated above, this study is postulating a positive hypothesis as follows:

H9: Endorsement positively influences consumer brand loyalty toward sports footwear brands.

Figure 1: Hypothesised research model

As elucidated in the literature review above, sports footwear is an attractive market especially for the Generation Y market segment. The purpose of this study is, therefore, to investigate the determinants of brand loyalty of sports footwear brands in South Africa in order to empower the manufacturers and marketers of sports footwear, giving insight with regard to the important factors that contribute to sports footwear brand loyalty for effective marketing.