X86 Instructions and ARM Architecture

Read this article, which gives two examples of instructions set architectures (ISAs). Look over how the different microprocessors address memory. Take note of similarities and differences of format, instructions and type of instructions, and addressing modes between these two as well as between these and the MIPS instructions of the previous sections.

Logic Instructions

The instructions on this page deal with bit-wise logical instructions.

All logical instructions presented in this section are executed in the, as the name already suggests, the arithmetic logic unit.


binary operations

These instructions require two operands.


logical and
and mask, destination GAS Syntax
and destination, mask Intel Syntax


operation

and performs a bit-wise and of the two operands, and stores the result in destination.


example

movl$0x1,%edx; edx ≔ 1
movl$0x0,%ecx; ecx ≔ 0
andl%edx,%ecx; ecx ≔ edx ∧ ecx
; here ecx would be 0 because 1 ∧ 0 ⇔ 0

application

  • An and can be used to calculate the intersection of two “sets”, or a value representing a “mask”. Some programming language require that Boolean values are stored exactly as either 1 or 0. An and rax, 1 will ensure only the LSB is set, or not set.
  • If partial register addressing is not available in the desired size, an and can be used for a destination mod mask operation, that is the remainder of integer division. For that, mask has to contain the value 2n-1 (i. e. all lower bits set until a certain threshold), where 2n equals your desired divisor.


logical or
or addend, destination GAS Syntax
or destination, addend Intel Syntax


operation

The or instruction performs a bit-wise or of the two operands, and stores the result in destination.


example

movl$0x1,%edx; edx ≔ 1
movl$0x0,%ecx; ecx ≔ 0
orl%edx,%ecx; ecx ≔ edx ∨ ecx
; here ecx would be 1 because 1 ∨ 0 ⇔ 1

application

  • An or can be used to calculate the union of two “sets”, or a value representing a “mask”.
logical xor
xor flip, destination GAS Syntax
xor destination, flip Intel Syntax


operation

Performs a bit-wise xor of the two operands, and stores the result in destination.


example

movl$0x1,%edx; edx ≔ 1
movl$0x0,%ecx; ecx ≔ 0
xorl%edx,%ecx; ecx ≔ edx ⊕ ecx
; here ecx would be 1 because 1 ⊕ 0 ⇔ 1

application

  • xor rax, rax (or any GPR twice) will clear all bits. It is a specially recognized word. However, since xor affects flags it might introduce bogus dependencies.


common remarks

side effects for and, or, and xor

  • OF ≔ 0
  • CF ≔ 0
  • SF becomes the value of the most significant bit of the calculated result
  • ZF ≔ result = 0
  • PF is set according to the result


unary operations

logical not


not argument


operation

Performs a bit-wise inversion of argument.


side-effects

None.


example

movl$0x1,%edx; edx ≔ 1
notl%edx; edx ≔ ¬edx
; here edx would be 0xFFFFFFFE because a bitwise NOT 0x00000001 = 0xFFFFFFFE

application

  • not is frequently used to get a register with all bits set.