CS105: Introduction to Python

When you pass a list to a function, the function gets a reference to the list. If the function modifies the list, the caller sees the change. For example, delete_head removes the first element from a list:

def delete_head(t):
    del t[0]

Here’s how it is used:

>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> delete_head(letters)
>>> letters
['b', 'c']

The parameter t and the variable letters are aliases for the same object.
The stack diagram looks like Figure 10.5.

 Figure 10.5: Stack diagram. 

Since the list is shared by two frames, I drew it between them.
 It is important to distinguish between operations that modify lists and operations that create new lists. For example, the appendmethod modifies a list, but the + operator creates a new list.

Here’s an example using append:

>>> t1 = [1, 2]
>>> t2 = t1.append(3)
>>> t1
[1, 2, 3]
>>> t2
None

The return value from append is None.

Here’s an example using the + operator:

>>> t3 = t1 + [4]
>>> t1
[1, 2, 3]
>>> t3
[1, 2, 3, 4]

The result of the operator is a new list, and the original list is unchanged.

This difference is important when you write functions that are supposed to modify lists. For example, this function does not delete the head of a list:

def bad_delete_head(t):
    t = t[1:]              # WRONG!

The slice operator creates a new list and the assignment makes t refer to it, but that doesn’t affect the caller.

>>> t4 = [1, 2, 3]
>>> bad_delete_head(t4)
>>> t4
[1, 2, 3]

At the beginning of bad_delete_head,t and t4 refer to the same list. At the end, t refers to a new list, but t4 still refers to the original, unmodified list.

An alternative is to write a function that creates and returns a new list. For example, tail returns all but the first element of a list:

def tail(t):
    return t[1:]

This function leaves the original list unmodified. Here’s how it is used:

>>> letters = ['a', 'b', 'c']
>>> rest = tail(letters)
>>> rest
['b', 'c']