Kinematic Equations for Objects in Free Fall

As you read, pay attention to the relevant equations in the box Kinematics Equations for Objects in Free Fall where Acceleration = −g

v_{f}=v_{i}+a\Delta t

y_{f}=y_{i}+v_{i}t+\frac{1}{2}a\Delta t^{2}

v^{2}=v\tfrac{2}{i}+2a(y_{f}-y_{i})

Note that because the motion is free fall, a is simply replaced with -g (here, g is the acceleration due to gravity, g=9.80\ \mathrm{m/s}^{2} ) and the direction of motion is the y direction, rather than the x direction. When calculating the position and velocity of an object in freefall, we need to consider two different conditions. First, the object can be thrown up as it enters freefall. For example, you could throw a baseball up and watch it fall back down.

Complete the steps in Example 2.14. After you review the solution, pay attention to the graphs in Figure 2.40. You can throw an object directly downward as it enters freefall, such as when you throw a baseball directly down from a second-floor window.

Then, complete the steps in Example 2.15. Notice that Figure 2.42 compares what is happening in Example 2.14 and Example 2.15. It is important to understand the difference between an object that is thrown up and enters free fall, versus an object that is directly thrown down. We can often use experimental data to calculate constants, such as g.

In Example 2.16, we determine the acceleration due to gravity constant (g) from experimental data.

Example 2.16 Find \(\boldsymbol{g}\) from Data on a Falling Object

Example 2.16 Find \boldsymbol{g} from Data on a Falling Object

The acceleration due to gravity on Earth differs slightly from place to place, depending on topography (e.g., whether you are on a hill or in a valley) and subsurface geology (whether there is dense rock like iron ore as opposed to light rock like salt beneath you). The precise acceleration due to gravity can be calculated from data taken in an introductory physics laboratory course.

An object, usually a metal ball for which air resistance is negligible, is dropped and the time it takes to fall a known distance is measured. See, for example, Figure 2.43. Very precise results can be produced with this method if sufficient care is taken in measuring the distance fallen and the elapsed time.

Figure has four panels. The first panel (on the top) is an illustration of a ball falling toward the ground at intervals of one tenth of a second. The space between the vertical position of the ball at one time step and the next increases with each time step. At time equals 0, position and velocity are also 0. At time equals 0 point 1 seconds, y position equals negative 0 point 049 meters and velocity is negative 0 point 98 meters per second. At 0 point 5 seconds, y position is negative 1 point 225 meters and velocity is negative 4 point 90 meters per second. The second panel (in the middle) is a line graph of position in meters versus time in seconds. Line begins at the origin and slopes down with increasingly negative slope. The third panel (bottom left) is a line graph of velocity in meters per second versus time in seconds. Line is straight, beginning at the origin and with a constant negative slope. The fourth panel (bottom right) is a line graph of acceleration in meters per second squared versus time in seconds. Line is flat, at a constant y value of negative 9 point 80 meters per second squared.

Figure 2.43 Positions and velocities of a metal ball released from rest when air resistance is negligible. Velocity is seen to increase linearly with time while displacement increases with time squared. Acceleration is a constant and is equal to gravitational acceleration.

Suppose the ball falls 1.0000 m in 0.45173 s. Assuming the ball is not affected by air resistance, what is the precise acceleration due to gravity at this location?

Strategy

Draw a sketch.


Figure 2.44

We need to solve for acceleration a. Note that in this case, displacement is downward and therefore negative, as is acceleration.

Solution

1. Identify the knowns. y_{0}=0 ; y=-1.0000 \mathrm{~m} ; t=0.45173 ; v_{0}=0.

2. Choose the equation that allows you to solve for a using the known values.

y=y_{0}+v_{0} t+\frac{1}{2} a t^{2}

3. Substitute 0 for v_{0} and rearrange the equation to solve for a. Substituting 0 for v_{0} yields

y=y_{0}+\frac{1}{2} a t^{2}.

Solving for a gives

a=\frac{2\left(y-y_{0}\right)}{t^{2}}.

4. Substitute known values yields

a=\frac{2(-1.0000 \mathrm{~m}-0)}{(0.45173 \mathrm{~s})^{2}}=-9.8010 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2},

so, because a=-g with the directions we have chosen,

g=9.8010 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}.

Discussion

The negative value for a indicates that the gravitational acceleration is downward, as expected. We expect the value to be somewhere around the average value of 9.80 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}, so 9.8010 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2} makes sense. Since the data going into the calculation are relatively precise, this value for g is more precise than the average value of 9.80 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}; it represents the local value for the acceleration due to gravity.