Raising Capital and Capital Structure
One of the most important functions of corporate finance is the creation and management of the company's capital plan. We know that the firm requires capital to invest in projects, and that the capital comes from debt and equity financing. These sections address the decisions that are made regarding the capital plan. After reviewing this material, you will be able to explain how a company determines what the optimal capital plan should be.
Choosing the Optimal Capital Structure
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Primarily, the choice of capital structure affects the cost of capital for each of the components of WACC. On the whole, companies tend to avoid the extreme amounts of debt that can have drastic influence on operating cash flows; only in extremely distressed companies do we need to consider significant changes to free cash flows. Therefore, the decision on optimizing capital structure is relatively independent from capital budgeting decisions.
Specifically, it is a goal of financial managers to choose a capital structure that minimizes WACC, which will, in turn, maximize the value of the firm. Since our WACC is the basis for discounting used in finding the NPV of projects (or the hurdle rate with which IRR is compared), a lower WACC will increase the value of our conventional positive NPV projects, and cause some conventional projects that were originally rejected to cross the threshold into value-adding propositions.
Consider the following projections by financial managers at firm XYZ:
Table 15.1 Cost of Capital Projections
| % debt | cost of debt | after-tax cost of debt | % equity | cost of equity | WACC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0% | 5.0% | 3.0% | 100% | 7.0% | 7.00% |
| 10% | 5.0% | 3.0% | 90% | 7.3% | 6.84% |
| 20% | 5.2% | 3.1% | 80% | 7.6% | 6.70% |
| 30% | 5.5% | 3.3% | 70% | 8.0% | 6.61% |
| 40% | 5.8% | 3.5% | 60% | 8.6% | 6.55% |
| 50% | 6.2% | 3.7% | 50% | 9.4% | 6.56% |
| 60% | 6.8% | 4.1% | 40% | 10.6% | 6.69% |
| 70% | 7.5% | 4.5% | 30% | 12.6% | 6.93% |
| 80% | 8.5% | 5.1% | 20% | 16.6% | 7.40% |
| 90% | 10.0% | 6.0% | 10% | 28.6% | 8.26% |
| 100% | 16.0% | 9.6% | 0% | 45.0% | 9.60% |
Assuming firm XYZ's tax rate to be 40% and given the projected costs of capital at each level of debt and equity, we can see that WACC is minimized at a 40%/60% debt/equity mix. Below this mix, we aren't utilizing enough of the cheaper debt. Above this level, the increased costs of both debt and equity cause WACC to increase as we add more debt to the mix.
In practice, we are rarely able to precisely know what the cost of capital will be for our company at specific levels of debt. We can create estimates based upon observed costs at other companies, but short of trying a new capital structure, it is impossible to know for certain what the precise WACC will be.
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