The Rebellion of Temporary Workers and the Chinese Cultural Revolution

Read this article about "China's Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution". It marked a complex refashioning of Chinese labor relations and politics.

Endnotes


  1. This chapter is partly based on an early version of Felix Wemheuer, A Social History of Maoist China: Conflict and Change, 1949–1976 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019).
  2. For example, see Andrew Walder, Chang Ch'un-ch'iao and Shanghai's January Revolution (Ann Arbor: Cambridge University Press, 1978); Yiching Wu, The Cultural Revolution at the Margins: Chinese Socialism in Crisis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014), 139–140.
  3. Zhou Enlai, "Guanyu zhishifenzi de gaizao wenti", in Jianguo yilai zhongyao wenxian xuanbian, vol. 2, ed. Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 1992) (quoted as jgyl in the following notes), 446.
  4. For details, see Elisabeth Perry, "Masters of the Country? Shanghai Workers in the Early People's Republic", in Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China, ed. Jeremy Brown and Paul G. Pickowicz (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2007), 78; Mark W. Frazier, The Making of the Chinese Industrial Workplace: State, Revolution and Labor Management (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
  5. Robert Cliver, Red Silk: Class, Gender, and Revolution in China's Yangzi Delta Silk Industry (unpublished manuscript, Cambridge, MA: forthcoming).
  6. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Manifesto of the Communist Party (1848), https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1848/communist-manifesto/ch01.htm#007 [1 March 2017].
  7. Zhongguo geming bowuguan, ed., Zhongguo gongchandang dangzhang huibian (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1979), 46, 206, 212.
  8. V. I. Lenin, The Trade Unions, The Present Situation and Trotsky's Mistakes (1920), https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1920/dec/30.htm [18 September 2017].
  9. Lu Yu, Xin Zhongguo renkou wushi nian, vol. 1 (Beijing: Zhongguo renkou, 2004), 633.
  10. Zhonggong zhongyang shujichu yanjiushi lilunzu, ed., Dangqian woguo gongren jieji zhuangkuang diaocha ziliao huibian, vol. 2 (Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe, 1983), 105–107.
  11. Mao Tse-tung, Ausgewählte Werke, vol. V (Beijing: Verlag für fremdsprachige Literatur, 1978), 141.
  12. For more details see Wemheuer, A Social History of Maoist China, 132–134, 270–272.
  13. Elizabeth Perry, Challenging the Mandate of Heaven: Social Protest and State Power in China (Armonk: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 170–295.
  14. Lu Yu, Xin Zhongguo renkou wushi nian, 633.
  15. With regard to production and procurement, see "Zhonghua renmin gongheguo nongye bu jihuasi", ed., Zhongguo nongcun jingji tongji daquan 1949–1986 (Beijing: Nongye chubanshe, 1989), 410–411.
  16. For more details, see Felix Wemheuer, Famine Politics in Maoist China and the Soviet Union (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2014), 142–147.
  17. "Shangyebu dangdai Zhongguo liangshi gongzuo bianjibu", ed., Dangdai Zhongguo liangshi gongzuo shiliao, vol. 1 (Baoding: Hebei sheng gongxiaoshe Baoding yinshuachang yinshua, 1989), 314.
  18. Chen Yun, "Dongyuan chengshi renkou xiaxiang", in JGYL, vol. 14, 374.
  19. Lu Yu, Xin Zhongguo renkou wushi nian, 594.
  20. Yuan Yongxi, ed., Zhongguo renkou zonglun (Beijing: Zhongguo caizhengjingji chubanshe, 1991), 277.
  21. Quoted in Jin Chongji, ed., Zhou Enlai zhuan, vol. 4 (Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1998), 1565.
  22. Luo Pinghan, Da qian xi: 1961–1963 nian de chengzhen renkou jing jian (Nanning: Guangxi renmin chubanshe, 2003), 118.
  23. Quoted in Luo Pinghan, Da qian xi,223.
  24. For more details, see Jeremy Brown, City versus Countryside in Mao's China: Negotiating the Divide (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012), 86–99.
  25. Terry Sicular, "Grain Pricing: A Key Link in Chinese Economic Policy", Modern China, 14, no. 4 (1988): 461–463.
  26. Zhongguo shehui kexueyuan and zhongyang dang'anguan, ed., 1958–1965 Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji dang'an ziliao xuanbian. Laodong jiuye he shouru fenpei juan (Beijing: Zhongguo caizheng jungji chubanshe, 2011), 5.
  27. Ibid., 400.
  28. Ibid., 459.
  29. Liu Shaoqi, "Guanyu liang zhong laodong zhidu he liang zhong jiaoyu zhidu", YGYL, 19 (1991): 174.
  30. For example, see Liu Guokai, "Lun renmin wenge (yi) – wei wenge sishi zhounian er zuo", Epoch Times, 12 December 2005, http://www.epochtimes.com/gb/5/12/30/n1171757.html [3 December 2015].
  31. "Decision of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party concerning the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution" (8 August 1966), https://www.marxists.org/subject/china/peking-review/1966/PR1966-33g.htm [19 June 2017].
  32. Wu, The Cultural Revolution at the Margins, 97–104.
  33. Li Xun, Geming zaofan niandai: Shanghai wenge yundong shigao, vol. 1 (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 2015), 333.
  34. "Zhonggong Zhongyang guanyu zhua geming, cu shenchan de shitiao guiding (cao'an)", (9 December 1966), in The Chinese Cultural Revolution Database, ed. Song Yongyi (Hong Kong: Universities Service Centre for China Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006).
  35. Li, Geming zaofan niandai, vol. 1, 379.
  36. Ibid., 649–657.
  37. Jiang Qing and Chen Boda, "Jiang Qing Chen Boda yu quanguo hongse laodongzhe zaofan zongtuan daibiao de tanhua", December 26 (1966), in The Chinese Cultural Revolution Database, ed. Song (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006).
  38. "Zhonggong zhongyang and guowuyuan, ‘Guanyu linshigong, hetonggong, waibaogong de tonggao'", (17 February 1967), in The Chinese Cultural Revolution Database, ed. Song Yongyi (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006).
  39. Li, Geming zaofan niandai, vol. 1, 668–669.
  40. Wu, The Cultural Revolution at the Margins, 140–141.
  41. Dangdai Zhongguo congshu bianji weiyuanhui, ed., Dangdai Zhongguo de laodongli guanli (Beijing: Zhongguo Shehui Kexue Chubanshe, 1990), 16.
  42. Ibid.
  43. "Guowuyuan guanyu gaige linshigong, lunhuangong zhidu de tongzhi (gaiyao)", (30 November 1971), in The Chinese Cultural Revolution Database, ed. Song (Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006).
  44. Zhonggong zhongyang shujichu yanjiu lilunzu, ed., Dangqian woguo gongren jieji zhuangkuang diaocha ziliao huibian, 106–107.
  45. Zhao Fasheng, Dangdai Zhongguo de liangshi gongzuo (Beijing: Zhongguo shehui kexue chubanshe, 1988), 160.
  46. Guojia tongjiju shehui tongjisi, ed., Zhongguo laodong gongzi tongji ziliao (Beijing: Guojia tongji chubanshe, 1987), 32.
  47. Zhonggong zhongyang shujichu yanjiu lilunzu, ed., Dangqian woguo gongren jieji, vol. 2, 1.
  48. Ibid., 26–28. This sample is based on 149,995 workers.
  49. Ibid., 42–25. This sample is based on 149,995 workers.
  50. Ibid., vol. 2, 6.
  51. Ibid., 18–19.
  52. Zhonggong zhongyang shujichu yanjiu lilunzu, ed., Dangqian woguo gongren jieji, vol. 1, 4.
  53. For more detail see: Joel Andreas, Disenfranchised: The Rise and Fall of Industrial Citizenship in China (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).