1. Parts of a Sentence
- Subject – who/what the sentence is about (Ali).
- Predicate – what is said about the subject (runs fast).
- Object – receives the action (Ali kicks the ball).
- Complement – completes meaning (She is a teacher).
- Modifiers – add detail (The tall boy runs quickly).
2. Phrases and Clauses
- Phrase – group of words, no subject+verb.
e.g., in the garden, running fast - Clause – group of words with subject+verb.
- Independent clause – complete thought (She sings well.)
- Dependent clause – incomplete thought (because she practices).
3. Common Sentence Patterns
- S + V → Birds fly.
- S + V + O → He reads books.
- S + V + C → She is happy.
- S + V + IO + DO → He gave me a gift.
- S + V + O + C → They elected him president.
4. Sentence Structure
- Simple – one independent clause. (I like coffee.)
- Compound – two independent clauses joined. (I like tea, and she likes coffee.)
- Complex – one independent + one dependent clause. (I stayed home because it rained.)
- Compound-Complex – two independent + one dependent clause. (She was tired, but she finished her work because it was urgent.)