In this forum, I considered that the eight parts of speech are very useful for understand better the sentences of standard english.
Nouns: name a person or place (can be common or proper nouns, the proper nouns are used to specific persons)
Robert is a teacher in California
The word "Robert" is a proper noun
Verbs: used to express an action or state
"They walk quickly together every day"
The word quickly is an adverb.
Now, the most useful in a informal conversation: Interjections. They are typically used to express emotion
Ouch! That hurts! - pain expression