## Calculating the Yield of an Annuity

This section discusses calculating the yield of an annuity, which is the total return received stated as a percent. There are two major methods used to calculate the yield.

The yield of an annuity is commonly found using either the percent change in the value from $PV$ to $FV$, or the internal rate of return.

#### LEARNING OBJECTIVE

• Calculate the yield of an annuity using the internal rate of return method

#### KEY TAKEAWAYS

##### Key Points
• The yield of an annuity may be found by discounting to find the $PV$, and then finding the percentage change from the $PV$ to the $FV$.
• The Internal Rate of Return ($IRR$) is the discount rate at which the $NPV$ of an investment equals 0.
• The $IRR$, calculates an annualized yield of an annuity.

##### Key Terms
• yield: In finance, the term yield describes the amount in cash that returns to the owners of a security. Normally it does not include the price variations, at the difference of the total return. Yield applies to various stated rates of return on stocks (common and preferred, and convertible), fixed income instruments (bonds, notes, bills, strips, zero coupon), and some other investment type insurance products
• Internal Rate of Return ($IRR$): The discount rate that will cause the $NPV$ of an investment to equal 0.
• Net Present Value ($NPV$): The present value of a project or an investment decision determined by summing the discounted incoming and outgoing future cash flows resulting from the decision.

The yield of annuity can be calculated in similar ways to the yield for a single payment, but two methods are most common.

The first is the standard percentage-change method. Just as for a single payment, this method calculated the percentage difference between the $FV$ and the $PV$. Since annuities include multiple payments over the lifetime of the investment, the $PV$ (or $V1$ in is the present value of the entire investment, not just the first payment.

The second popular method is called the internal rate of return ($IRR$). The $IRR$ is the interest rate (or discount rate) that causes the Net Present Value ($NPV$) of the annuity to equal 0. That means that the $PV$ of the cash outflows equals the $PV$ of the cash inflows. The higher the IRR, the more desirable is the investment. In theory, you should make investment with an $IRR$ greater than the cost of capital.

Let's take an example investment: It is not technically an annuity because the payments vary, but still is a good example for how to find IRR:

Suppose you have a potential investment that would require you to make a $4,000 investment today, but would return cash flows of$1,200, $1,410,$1,875, and \$1,050 in the four successive years. This investment has an implicit rate of return, but you don't know what it is. You plug the numbers into the $NPV$ formula and set $NPV$ equal to 0. You then solve for r, which is your $IRR$ (it's not easy to solve this problem by hand. You will likely need to use a business calculator or Excel). When $r = 14.3$%, $NPV = 0$, so therefore the $IRR$ of the investment is 14.3%.

$\mathrm{NPV}=-4000+\frac{1200}{(1+r)^{1}}+\frac{1410}{(1+r)^{2}}+\frac{1875}{(1+r)^{3}}+\frac{1050}{(1+r)^{4}}=0$

IRR Example: The setup to find the $IRR$ of the investment with cash flows of -4000, 1200, 1410, 1875, and 1050. By setting $NPV = 0$ and solving for $r$, you can find the $IRR$ of this investment.

Source: Boundless