Python Exercise

The hashlib module defines an API for accessing different cryptographic hashing algorithms. To work with a specific hash algorithm, use the appropriate constructor function or new() to create a hash object. From there, the objects use the same API, no matter what algorithm is being used.

Hash Algorithms

Since hashlib is "backed" by OpenSSL, all of the algorithms provided by that library are available, including:

• md5
• sha1
• sha224
• sha256
• sha384
• sha512

Some algorithms are available on all platforms, and some depend on the underlying libraries. For lists of each, look at algorithms_guaranteed and algorithms_available respectively.

hashlib_algorithms.py

import hashlib


print('Guaranteed:\n{}\n'.format(
    ', '.join(sorted(hashlib.algorithms_guaranteed))))
print('Available:\n{}'.format(
    ', '.join(sorted(hashlib.algorithms_available))))

$ python3 hashlib_algorithms.py

Guaranteed:
blake2b, blake2s, md5, sha1, sha224, sha256, sha384, sha3_224,
sha3_256, sha3_384, sha3_512, sha512, shake_128, shake_256

Available:
BLAKE2b512, BLAKE2s256, MD4, MD5, MD5-SHA1, RIPEMD160, SHA1,
SHA224, SHA256, SHA384, SHA512, blake2b, blake2b512, blake2s,
blake2s256, md4, md5, md5-sha1, ripemd160, sha1, sha224, sha256,
sha384, sha3_224, sha3_256, sha3_384, sha3_512, sha512,
shake_128, shake_256, whirlpool

Sample Data

All of the examples in this section use the same sample data:

hashlib_data.py

import hashlib

lorem = '''Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing
elit, sed do eiusmod tempor incididunt ut labore et dolore magna
aliqua. Ut enim ad minim veniam, quis nostrud exercitation
ullamco laboris nisi ut aliquip ex ea commodo consequat. Duis
aute irure dolor in reprehenderit in voluptate velit esse cillum
dolore eu fugiat nulla pariatur. Excepteur sint occaecat
cupidatat non proident, sunt in culpa qui officia deserunt
mollit anim id est laborum.'''

MD5 Example

To calculate the MD5 hash, or digest, for a block of data (here a unicode string converted to a byte string), first create the hash object, then add the data and call digest() or hexdigest().

hashlib_md5.py

import hashlib

from hashlib_data import lorem

h = hashlib.md5()
h.update(lorem.encode('utf-8'))
print(h.hexdigest())

This example uses the hexdigest() method instead of digest() because the output is formatted so it can be printed clearly. If a binary digest value is acceptable, use digest().

$ python3 hashlib_md5.py

3f2fd2c9e25d60fb0fa5d593b802b7a8

SHA1 Example

A SHA1 digest is calculated in the same way.

hashlib_sha1.py

import hashlib

from hashlib_data import lorem

h = hashlib.sha1()
h.update(lorem.encode('utf-8'))
print(h.hexdigest())

The digest value is different in this example because the algorithm changed from MD5 to SHA1.

$ python3 hashlib_sha1.py

ea360b288b3dd178fe2625f55b2959bf1dba6eef

Creating a Hash by Name

Sometimes it is more convenient to refer to the algorithm by name in a string rather than by using the constructor function directly. It is useful, for example, to be able to store the hash type in a configuration file. In those cases, use new() to create a hash calculator.

hashlib_new.py

import argparse
import hashlib
import sys

from hashlib_data import lorem


parser = argparse.ArgumentParser('hashlib demo')
parser.add_argument(
    'hash_name',
    choices=hashlib.algorithms_available,
    help='the name of the hash algorithm to use',
)
parser.add_argument(
    'data',
    nargs='?',
    default=lorem,
    help='the input data to hash, defaults to lorem ipsum',
)
args = parser.parse_args()

h = hashlib.new(args.hash_name)
h.update(args.data.encode('utf-8'))
print(h.hexdigest())

When run with a variety of arguments:

$ python3 hashlib_new.py sha1

ea360b288b3dd178fe2625f55b2959bf1dba6eef

$ python3 hashlib_new.py sha256

3c887cc71c67949df29568119cc646f46b9cd2c2b39d456065646bc2fc09ffd8

$ python3 hashlib_new.py sha512

a7e53384eb9bb4251a19571450465d51809e0b7046101b87c4faef96b9bc904cf7f90
035f444952dfd9f6084eeee2457433f3ade614712f42f80960b2fca43ff

$ python3 hashlib_new.py md5

3f2fd2c9e25d60fb0fa5d593b802b7a8

Incremental Updates

The update() method of the hash calculators can be called repeatedly. Each time, the digest is updated based on the additional text fed in. Updating incrementally is more efficient than reading an entire file into memory, and produces the same results.

hashlib_update.py

import hashlib

from hashlib_data import lorem

h = hashlib.md5()
h.update(lorem.encode('utf-8'))
all_at_once = h.hexdigest()


def chunkize(size, text):
    "Return parts of the text in size-based increments."
    start = 0
    while start < len(text):
        chunk = text[start:start + size]
        yield chunk
        start += size
    return


h = hashlib.md5()
for chunk in chunkize(64, lorem.encode('utf-8')):
    h.update(chunk)
line_by_line = h.hexdigest()

print('All at once :', all_at_once)
print('Line by line:', line_by_line)
print('Same        :', (all_at_once == line_by_line))

This example demonstrates how to update a digest incrementally as data is read or otherwise produced.

$ python3 hashlib_update.py

All at once : 3f2fd2c9e25d60fb0fa5d593b802b7a8
Line by line: 3f2fd2c9e25d60fb0fa5d593b802b7a8
Same        : True

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Source: PyMOTW-3/Doug Hellmann, https://pymotw.com/3/hashlib/
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License.