Critical Factors Affecting Supply Chain Management

Introduction

Supply chain management is applied by companies across the globe due to its demonstrated results such as delivery time reduction, improved financial performance, greater customer satisfaction, building trust among suppliers, and others. According to D'Amours, Ronnqvist, and Weintraub, companies resort to supply chain practices to improve their performance. Thus, it is important to first understand how their supply chains work. Figure 1 shows a generalized supply chain in the forest products industry.

Fig. 1. Forest and wood products supply chain

Figure 2 illustrates another example of the steps in a supply chain for wood pallet manufacturing industries. This process begins with logging operations, logs are then sent to the sawmill where cants and/or pallet parts are sent to the wood pallet manufacturer (pallet operations). Lastly, once wood pallets are manufactured, they are sent to a distributor or directly to the final customer.

Fig. 2. Hypothesized wood pallet manufacturing process

Source: Henry Quesada, Rado Gazo, and Scarlett Sanchez, https://learn.saylor.org/pluginfile.php/1282509/mod_resource/content/1/Critical%20Factors%20Affecting%20Supply%20Chain%20Management%20-%20CC%20BY%203.0.pdf
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License.

Identification of Supply Chain Management factors

In order to understand how a supply chain works, it is important to identify the factors affecting supply chain management. The identification of these factors has been based on previous work by Li, and Quesada and Meneses. The following sections show generic supply chain management factors and sub-factors that might affect supply chain management activities.

Environmental uncertainty

Environmental uncertainty refers to the environmental issues in the product chain. Ettlie and Reza described this as the unexpected changes of customer, supplier, competitor, and technology. It was said by Yusuf that government support plays an important role for business success. Paulraj and Chen mentioned that environmental uncertainty is an important factor in the realization of strategic supply management plans. The increase of outsourcing activities in the industry had augmented the awareness of the importance of strategic supply management, which leads to better relationship among organizations. Under this factor, three sub-factors were identified: environment, government support, and uncertainty aspects from overseas.

Company environment

This sub-factor is related to the company's relationship with suppliers and their level of trust and commitment. Company environment is also related to the company's expectations of quality, on time delivery, competition in the sector, and the level of rivalry among firms. In order to respond effectively to demand, companies realize that imports are a good option for obtaining flexibility in response, even though working with countries from overseas implies working with uncertainty. According to a study carried out by Ambrose et al., uncertainty negatively affects company performance. But this can be reduced if a strategic relationship with critical suppliers is established. Thus, companies need to implement new strategies that allow them to deal with environmental uncertainties in the supply chain in order to perform in a proficient manner.

Government support

The level of support that the company receives from the government when importing raw materials or products from overseas or using domestic materials. It includes the use of norms, regulations, policies, and advice for the sector. The research conducted by Elzarka et al., describes how government can make a series of reforms to encourage exportats by increasing manufacturing sector's competitiveness in the international market through logistics competency. The increase of international trade for acquiring resources from other countries introduces complicated matters such as language barriers, transportation, transportation costs, exchange rates, tariffs, and administrative practices.

Uncertainty aspects from overseas

When requiring the outsourcing of raw materials or products, it is important to acknowledge the existence of environmental factors such as political uncertainties in other countries that can increase risk for suppliers, provoke decisions of no investment, change business strategies, and in general influence business decisions. Social uncertainties such as religion, environment, language, cultural issues, limitations of communication and also the technology used in other countries might interfere with supply chain planning and function.

Information technology

Telecommunications and computer technology allow all the actors in the supply chain to communicate among each other. The use of information technology allows suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and customers to reduce lead time, paperwork, and other unnecessary activities. It is also mentioned that managers will experience considerable advantages with its use such as the flow of information in a coordinated manner, access to information and data interchange, improved customer and supplier relationships, and inventory management not only at the national level but also internationally. Also the advantages will include supply contracts via internet, distribution of strategies, outsourcing and procurement. All companies are looking for cost and lead time reductions with the purpose of improving the level of service but also to enhance inter-organizational relationships.

A study carried out by Tim states that through the use of communication tools, such as the web sites, industrial organizations can build value in their supply chain relationships. According to Turner, another key for supply chain management success is the use of planning tools. He also mentions that without the use of information systems, companies cannot handle costs, offer superior customer service and lead in logistics performance. Turner indicates that firms cannot effectively manage cost, offer high customer service, and become leaders in supply chain management without the incorporation of top- of-the-line information technologies. Li  identified 14 such information technology tools, among them electronic data interchange (EDI), enterprise resource planning (ERP), internet, and extranets. Li grouped these tools into three groups in terms of their primary purpose: communication tools, resource planning tools, and supply chain management tools. Given this classification, two subfactors are considered in this research: communication and planning tools.

Communication tools

Communication tools are used to facilitate data transfer and communication between the trading parts and this might include EDI, electronic fund transfer (EFT), intranet, internet, and extranet. Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) is used for procurement (purchase orders, order status, and order follow-up). EDI serves as electronic catalogs for customers who can get information, dimensions, and cost about a specific product. EFT provides trading partners with an effective way to transfer funds from one account to another through a value added network (VAN) or the internet. Intranets are corporate local area networks (LAN) or wide area networks (WAN) that communicate through the internet and are secured by firewalls. Usually this type of communication tool is used inside a corporation that features different locations. On the other hand, extranet allows business to communicate and share business with external collaborators with a certain degree of security and privacy. Another type of communication tool is the internet, a uniform interface that allows global communication with the use of browsers. According to O'Neill  the advances in information technology have made communication tools easier for users, allowing its presence in components to extend in the supply chain. Another significant communication tool is the internet based information and communication technology (ICT), mentioned by Tan et al. This study suggested that the use of ICT is a strategic communication tool that improves the organization's competitiveness, allowing cost reduction and permitting the company's effectiveness.

Planning tools

Supply chain management planning tools are intended to integrate the resource planning activities in a firm or organization. Some of the most common planning tools are: material requirment planning (MRP), manufacturing resources planning (MRPII), and Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP). A MRP is a tool that allows an organization to schedule production activities to meet specific deadlines based on the bill of materials, inventory levels, and master production schedule. An improvement of MRP tools is MRPII which integrates manufacturing capabilities and capacities with the benefits of MRP. An ERP tool allows the organization to integrate all processing information tasks related to all processes in the value chain. This is usually a single system that might include order management, inventory fulfillment, production planning, financial planning, and customer service in a company. It is the backbone of the logistic systems for a variety of firms.

Some other IT tools exist that can be used to execute or manage the various activities and relationships in the entire supply chain. These may include: data warehouse (DW), vendor managed inventory (VMI), distribution requirement planning (DRP), and customer service management (CRM).

Supply chain relationships

Supply chain relationships play an important role in achieving the firm's goals. The coordination and integration of activities with suppliers and understanding of customer's needs results in greater benefits for companies. According to Fraza, supply chain management is directly related to relationship management, which includes suppliers and customers. Strategic supplier partnerships and customer relationships are main components in the supply chain management practices, leading to information sharing, which is one of the five pillars in achieving a solid supply chain relationship. Two sub-factors are considered in the model relationship with suppliers and customers.

Relationships with suppliers

Companies are inclined to work with different suppliers in different ways. It is important that the relationship with suppliers satisfies their company needs. Hines mentioned that in commodity products, it is common to find an adversarial relationship mainly based on price between buyer and supplier. This type of relationship with suppliers does not allow for cost reduction in the supply chain. It may be beneficial to network the supplier, to develop partnerships and alliances that will benefit both partners. This could be based on production, personal, and or symbolic networking, that will turn on strategic alliances, allowing the information sharing, risk sharing, obtaining mutual benefits and coordinating plans, permitting the improvement of the supply chain.

Relationships with customers

The global markets offer a variety of products of different quality and cost. As a result, companies are always competing and trying to reduce costs and improve quality. According to Burguess and Hoek, customers look for more choices, better service, higher quality, and faster delivery. The relationship with customers has turned a strategic issue for today's companies.

Value-added process (manufacturing)

Value-added products can be commodity processes or products that already exist; you only have to use smart modifications and apply them. According to Bishop, value-added is defined as "adding those manufacturing or service steps to a commodity product, which the customer perceives as increasing its value". Customers always want to pay the cost that they think is correct, and if they get something additional to the product, they got value-added. Two factors are significant when we talk about value-added: flexibility and quality. And, as stated by Benetto, Becker and Welfring, production processes contribute to improved value-added.

For example, Dramm (undated) affirms that the forest products industry is mainly focused on acquiring the highest value throughout the manufacturing process at the lowest cost, improving efficiency, quality, and productivity. Thus, it is important to include the production system as a part of the value-added process.

Flexibility

The complex markets, fierce competition and fast changes in demand require that companies be ready to react promptly to customers' needs. Flexibility can be understood as the ability to react and adapt quickly to changes in the market due to an increase or decrease of customers' requirements, accelerating or decelerating the manufacturing processes when it is requested. Bowersox, Closs, and Cooper mention that a logistical competency of a firm can be measured by how well it is able to adapt to unpredictable situations.

Quality

Quality is not a bonus for the customer; it is expected. Quality is also important for the acceptance of a product. High costs, low productivity, and loss of market share are directly related to poor quality (Dramm, undated). Quality is meeting or exceeding the expectations of your customer. This could be achieved, for example, by the use of quality metrics, which improves the production system. Achieving better efficiency, quality and productivity, and acquiring the highest value of a product at lower cost will improve the business performance of a company.

Production system

A study made in the automotive glass business showed how changing the industrial structure of the production system adds value to processes, which will help to expand their business future. This value-added could be achieved by reducing activity time, cost processes, and identifying bottlenecks that will improve the production processes. As a result, it will give value-added to the products.

Supply Chain Management performance (SCM)

SCM performance is defined as the operational excellence to deliver leading customer experience. Beamon mentions some features present in effective performance measurement systems and these include the following: inclusiveness (measurement of all pertinent aspects), universality (allows for comparison under various operating conditions), measurability (data required are measurable), and consistency (measures consistent with organization goals). Also, the strategic goals include key elements such as the measurement of resources (generally cost), output (generally customer responsiveness) and flexibility. Stevens states that to build up an integrated supply chain requires the management of material flow from three perspectives: strategic, tactical, and operational. From these perspectives, the use of systems, facilities, and people must be seen as a whole and work in a coordinated manner. He also mentions that a company can measure the supply chain performance by inventory level, service level, throughput efficiency, supplier performance, and cost. Lear-Olimpi also stated that logistics play an important role in pursuing supply chain excellence which will lead to improved business performance. Another critical sub-factor of successful supply chain management is the analysis of the supplier market. An important point according to Canbolat, Gupta, Matera and Chelst is outsourcing, which is significant in the supply chain management for the opportunities and risks that it offers. Then, this factor comprises four sub-factors logistics, supplier markets, supplier performance, and materials sourcing.

Logistics

Logistics is defined by Bowersox, Closs, and Cooper as "the responsibility to design and administer systems to control movement and geographical positioning of raw materials, work-in-process, and finished inventories at the lowest total cost". The research of Autry, Zacharia and Lamb establishes that logistics must be focused on the coordination and collaboration of activities, logistics social responsibility, strategic distribution planning, and technology and information systems.

Supplier markets

According to Yushan and Cavusgil, changes in the market create sensible companies regarding firm-supplier relationship. For manufacturers it is more important to build supplier's trust and to rely on suppliers, focusing on customer orientation, competitor orientation, and inter-functional coordination. The current competitive environment makes manufacturers aware of the need to reduce costs and to develop new products quickly. This is when supplier's expertise plays an important role. Superior supply chain management requires significant information with respect to supplier markets. Implementation of strategies in the supply chain will make the precious firm-supplier relationship difficult to copy by competition.

Supplier performance

When looking for successful supplier performance, it is important to emphasize relationship quality. Researchers such as Walter, Kaufman, and Palmatier, propose relationship quality as a "multi-dimensional construct consisting of trust, satisfaction, and commitment". Steward, Wu, and Hartley (2010) consider factors such as product quality; responsiveness to requests for change; sales, service and/or technical support; total value received; and overall cost performance as a measurement of supply chain performance. They also found that "supplier performance is higher when the supply manager perceives trust and satisfaction on the part of the supplier's account executive".

Material sourcing

Companies in any manufacturing sector are always looking for low-cost raw material, domestic or imported. With the objective of improving their competitive advantage, some of them see importing as an appealing option. As there are some advantages when importing resources, such as lower labor cost and lower cost of resources, there are also some disadvantages that companies have to take into account when evaluating whether or not to work with offshore companies. Importing raw materials, components or products increases the dependence on suppliers, and some risks are identified such as culture, language, foreign exchange rate, regulations, quality, political and economic stability, and transportation delays.

Business management

Business management consists of leading, planning, organizing, monitoring and controlling all the involved actors and activities in a company to achieve goals and objectives. It is described by Ford and Mouzas as "the process of managing networking between companies". Fast changes in customer demand, globalization of markets, and changing technology require companies to focus their efforts on improving competitiveness, trying to achieve customer's satisfaction through adding more value to their products.

Thus, improving business process performance is critical for business management. Also, process strategy is used to improve manufacturing performance, and as result business performance.

Marketing strategy is viewed by managers as a tool for improvement of their financial returns. And innovation should be seen as part of business management, allowing the implementation of new processes, products, and services to respond promptly to customers' requirements.

Process strategy

Process strategies are utilized by companies to improve their manufacturing performance and as a result business performance. Sultan states that process strategy management requires the identification of objectives, the creation of policies and assignation of resources for the plan's implementation.

Process performance

Companies are expected to provide superior quality at low cost. To achieve these goals, they have to look for tools and strategies that help them obtain high process performance. Rework rate, defect rate, and inventory turnover rate are measures of process performance.

Marketing strategy

Marketing strategy is defined "as an organization's integrated pattern of decisions that specify its crucial choices concerning products, markets, marketing activities and marketing resources in the creation, communication and/or delivery of products that offer value to customers in exchanges with the organization and thereby enables the organization to achieve specific objectives". Managers are always confronting the problem of how to implement marketing strategies in the company. It might be better to increase advertising, to create and invest in loyalty programs, and to improve product or service quality by focusing on financial returns of marketing.

Innovation

Verhees and Meulenberg mention that innovation is the creation of a new product and the process of acceptation and implementation of the new product. There are three levels at which innovation can be studied: the sectorial, regional, and project level. According to Meeus and Oerlemans  innovation allows companies to growth and survive in the complex markets. Also, according to the Organization for Economic Co- Operation and Development innovation is defined as "the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (good or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organizations, or external relations". Another definition of innovation was done by Schramm as "The design, invention, development, and/or implementation of new or altered products, services, processes, systems, organizational structures, or business models for the purpose of creating new value for customers and financial returns for the firm".

Customer satisfaction

The customer's perception is not always the same as the product manufacturer's perception. Customers may give more value to low cost, on time delivery, delivery date certainty, or receiving a customized product. According to Kurata and Num, manufacturers and retailers are always looking for practical after-sales policies that will permit them to enhance customer satisfaction levels. Furthermore, an analysis conducted by Ou, Liu, Hung and Yen showed that customer-firm-supplier relationship management improves operational performance and customer satisfaction. Based on this, a sub-factor customer service is identified.

Customer service

The goal of the companies is to give customers the best service in an efficient and effective manner, without forgetting about information such as product description, product availability, order status, shipping dates, and assisting them in all what they need. Quayle states that customer service is defined by demand forecasting, service levels, order processing, parts/service support, and aftermarket operations.