How Ethical Leadership Shapes Employees' Readiness to Change

Means, standard deviations, and inter-correlations for both study and control variables are presented in Table 2. Table 2 also provides the reliability levels of the measures utilized, with all the alpha reliabilities for the scales far above the 0.70 threshold. Prior to conducting the analyses to test the hypotheses, we checked the need to include control variables according to recent recommendations. First, the statistical analysis was conducted with all control variables. Next, the analysis included only the control variables that were significantly correlated with the mediator and/or the dependent variable (i.e., age was not related significantly and was excluded). Finally, the analysis was performed without including any of the control variables. The comparison of results of these three analyses revealed identical parameters; furthermore, the significance levels and confidence intervals remained unchanged. Thus, in line with Bernerth and Aguinis we decided to present our results concerning the hypothesis testing without the effects of control variables.