Strategic Planning and Ten-Ten Planning
This chapter explains the nature of planning and the importance of analysis in creating differentiated products or services or higher levels of efficiency. Understanding the nature of strategic planning and the types of analysis used during the strategic planning process are important for operation managers.
Analytical Approaches for Strategic Planning
Value Chain and Supply Chain Analysis
Value chain analysis is a framework developed by Michael Porter that divides the company into primary and secondary activities related to delivering a product or service. The primary activities include inbound logistics, operations, sales and marketing, and outbound logistics. The secondary activities are supporting activities and include the firm infrastructure, human resources, information technology, and procurement. Figure 8.2 "The Value Chain (Adapted from Porter)" illustrates the components of the value chain.
A closely related concept is the supply chain. A supply chain is defined as the connected activities related to the creation of a product or service up through the delivery of the product to the customer. It includes upstream suppliers as well as downstream activities such as wholesalers and distribution warehouses. Figure 8.3 "Supply Chain" illustrates the supply chain.
In general, the terms value chain and supply chain can be used interchangeably; although the value chain is rooted in the strategic planning literature, the supply chain is linked to the work in the operations management area. The key concept is that products and services have to be created and eventually delivered to consumers and the in-between activities can be referred to as the supply chain or the value chain.
Figure 8.2 The Value Chain
Figure 8.3 Supply Chain
![Figure 8.3 Supply Chain](https://learn.saylor.org/pluginfile.php/5676158/mod_book/chapter/57342/33f35de0906e5e91007b1bdca813391d.jpg)
The supply chain is an important visual tool because it can be used to understand where to look for processes that can be reengineered. That is, improvements can be made in connecting, coordinating, and controlling activities across linkages. It can also be used to determine what kind of information should be gathered to improve communications throughout the value chain and where value chain performance could be improved. For example, the firm can investigate where information technology can be marshaled to support the supply chain activity and where technology can be used to automate tasks. The goal, of course, is to reduce transaction costs up and down the supply chain. Transaction costs refer to the effort that goes into choosing, organizing, negotiating, and entering into agreements for products and services. Transaction costs come in a variety of flavors and there is significant overlap among the various costs.
- Search costs: In general, these costs are related to gathering information on a product or service, including the costs associated with locating a product and offering a product for sale.
- Discovery costs: These costs are involved in locating an acceptable price for a product.
- Decision costs: These costs are associated with making a decision on what product to purchase. These include personal cognitive effort and organizational decision processes related to selecting a product or service.
- Negotiation costs: These costs are related to agreeing to the terms of a contract including the price, what will be delivered, how much, and when.
- Acquisition costs: These costs are involved in transporting, receiving, infrastructure development, and managing the product in inventory.
- Enforcement costs: These are the costs that the parties in the contract incur in order to enforce the terms of the contract.
- Settlement costs: These are the costs related to paying and getting paid for a product or service.
- Social costs: These include costs that are not necessarily picked up by the buyers and the sellers. Examples include pollution costs, health costs, privacy costs, and bankruptcy costs.