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The <select> element

Completion requirements

The <select> element gives a menu of options for a user and is implemented by the DOM HTMLSelectElementInterface. You can add the <multiple> attributes to the select element and add multiple options. The examples in this section use HTML, CSS, and JavasScript to customize <select> styles.

Examples

Basic select

The following example creates a very simple dropdown menu, the second option of which is selected by default.

<!-- The second value will be selected initially -->
<select name="choice">
  <option value="first">First Value</option>
  <option value="second" selected>Second Value</option>
  <option value="third">Third Value</option>
</select>


Result


Advanced select with multiple features

The follow example is more complex, showing off more features you can use on a <select> element:

<label>
  Please choose one or more pets:
  <select name="pets" multiple size="4">
    <optgroup label="4-legged pets">
      <option value="dog">Dog</option>
      <option value="cat">Cat</option>
      <option value="hamster" disabled>Hamster</option>
    </optgroup>
    <optgroup label="Flying pets">
      <option value="parrot">Parrot</option>
      <option value="macaw">Macaw</option>
      <option value="albatross">Albatross</option>
    </optgroup>
  </select>
</label>


Result

You'll see that:

  • Multiple options are selectable because we've included the multiple attribute.
  • The size attribute causes only 4 lines to display at a time; you can scroll to view all the options.
  • We've included <optgroup> elements to divide the options up into different groups. This is a purely visual grouping, its visualization generally consists of the group name being bolded, and the options being indented.
  • The "Hamster" option includes a disabled attribute and therefore can't be selected at all.

Customizing select styles

This example shows how you could use some CSS and JavaScript to provide extensive custom styling for a <select> box.

This example basically:

  • Clones the <select>'s context (the <option> elements) in a parent wrapper and reimplements the standard expected behavior using additional HTML elements and JavaScript. This includes basic tab behavior to provide keyboard accessibility.
  • Maps some standards native attributes to data-attributes of the new elements in order to manage state and CSS.

Note: Not all native features are supported, it's a Proof of Concept. IT starts from standard HTML but the same results can be achieved starting from JSON data, custom HTML, or other solutions.


HTML

<form>
  <fieldset>
    <legend>Standard controls</legend>
    <select name="1A" id="select" autocomplete="off" required>
      <option>Carrots</option>
      <option>Peas</option>
      <option>Beans</option>
      <option>Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis</option>
    </select>
  </fieldset>
  <fieldset id="custom">
    <legend>Custom controls</legend>
    <select name="2A" id="select" autocomplete="off" required>
      <option>Carrots</option>
      <option>Peas</option>
      <option>Beans</option>
      <option>Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis</option>
    </select>
  </fieldset>
</form>


CSS

body {
  font-family: Cambria, Cochin, Georgia, Times, "Times New Roman", serif;
}

.select:focus {
  border-color: blue;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select[data-multiple] div.header {
  display: none;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select div.header {
  content: "↓";
  display: flex;
  flex: 1;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 0;
  position: relative;
  width: auto;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  border-width: 1px;
  border-style: inherit;
  border-color: inherit;
  border-radius: inherit;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select div.header::after {
  content: "↓";
  align-self: stretch;
  display: flex;
  align-content: center;
  justify-content: center;
  justify-items: center;
  align-items: center;
  padding: 0.5em;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select div.header:hover::after {
  background-color: blue;
}

.select .header select {
  appearance: none;
  font-family: inherit;
  font-size: inherit;
  padding: 0;
  border-width: 0;
  width: 100%;
  flex: 1;
  display: none;
}

.select .header select optgroup {
  display: none;
}

.select select div.option {
  display: none;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select {
  user-select: none;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  position: relative;
  border-radius: 4px;
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: 0;
  border-color: gray;
  width: auto;
  display: inline-block;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select:focus,
html body form fieldset#custom div.select:hover {
  border-color: blue;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select[data-open] {
  border-bottom-left-radius: 0;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 0;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select[data-open] datalist {
  display: initial;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select datalist {
  appearance: none;
  position: absolute;
  border-style: solid;
  border-width: 1px;
  border-color: gray;
  left: 0;
  display: none;
  width: 100%;
  box-sizing: border-box;
  z-index: 2;
  border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;
  border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select datalist div.option {
  background-color: white;
  margin-bottom: 1px;
  cursor: pointer;
  padding: 0.5em;
  border-width: 0;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select datalist div.option:hover,
html body form fieldset#custom div.select datalist div.option:focus,
html body form fieldset#custom div.select datalist div.option:checked {
  background-color: blue;
  color: white;
}

html
  body
  form
  fieldset#custom
  div.select
  div.optgroup
  div.option[data-disabled] {
  color: gray;
}

html
  body
  form
  fieldset#custom
  div.select
  div.optgroup
  div.option[data-checked] {
  background-color: blue;
  color: white;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select div.optgroup div.label {
  font-weight: bold;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select div.optgroup div.option div.label {
  font-weight: normal;
  padding: 0.25em;
}

html body form fieldset#custom div.select div.header span {
  flex: 1;
  padding: 0.5em;
}


JavaScript

const selects = custom.querySelectorAll("select");
for (const select of selects) {
  const div = document.createElement("div");
  const header = document.createElement("div");
  const datalist = document.createElement("datalist");
  const optgroups = select.querySelectorAll("optgroup");
  const span = document.createElement("span");
  const options = select.options;
  const parent = select.parentElement;
  const multiple = select.hasAttribute("multiple");
  function onclick(e) {
    const disabled = this.hasAttribute("data-disabled");
    select.value = this.dataset.value;
    span.innerText = this.dataset.label;
    if (disabled) return;
    if (multiple) {
      if (e.shiftKey) {
        const checked = this.hasAttribute("data-checked");
        if (checked) {
          this.removeAttribute("data-checked");
        } else {
          this.setAttribute("data-checked", "");
        }
      } else {
        const options = div.querySelectorAll(".option");
        for (let i = 0; i < options.length; i++) {
          const option = options[i];
          option.removeAttribute("data-checked");
        }
        this.setAttribute("data-checked", "");
      }
    }
  }

  function onkeyup(e) {
    e.preventDefault();
    e.stopPropagation();
    if (e.keyCode === 13) {
      this.click();
    }
  }

  div.classList.add("select");
  header.classList.add("header");
  div.tabIndex = 1;
  select.tabIndex = -1;
  span.innerText = select.label;
  header.appendChild(span);

  for (const attribute of select.attributes) {
    div.dataset[attribute.name] = attribute.value;
  }
  for (let i = 0; i < options.length; i++) {
    const option = document.createElement("div");
    const label = document.createElement("div");
    const o = options[i];
    for (const attribute of o.attributes) {
      option.dataset[attribute.name] = attribute.value;
    }
    option.classList.add("option");
    label.classList.add("label");
    label.innerText = o.label;
    option.dataset.value = o.value;
    option.dataset.label = o.label;
    option.onclick = onclick;
    option.onkeyup = onkeyup;
    option.tabIndex = i + 1;
    option.appendChild(label);
    datalist.appendChild(option);
  }
  div.appendChild(header);
  for (const o of optgroups) {
    const optgroup = document.createElement("div");
    const label = document.createElement("div");
    const options = o.querySelectorAll("option");

    Object.assign(optgroup, o);
    optgroup.classList.add("optgroup");
    label.classList.add("label");
    label.innerText = o.label;
    optgroup.appendChild(label);
    div.appendChild(optgroup);
    for (const o of options) {
      const option = document.createElement("div");
      const label = document.createElement("div");

      for (const attribute of o.attributes) {
        option.dataset[attribute.name] = attribute.value;
      }
      option.classList.add("option");
      label.classList.add("label");
      label.innerText = o.label;
      option.tabIndex = i + 1;
      option.dataset.value = o.value;
      option.dataset.label = o.label;
      option.onclick = onclick;
      option.onkeyup = onkeyup;
      option.tabIndex = i + 1;
      option.appendChild(label);
      optgroup.appendChild(option);
    }
  }

  div.onclick = (e) => {
    e.preventDefault();
  };

  parent.insertBefore(div, select);
  header.appendChild(select);
  div.appendChild(datalist);
  datalist.style.top = `${header.offsetTop + header.offsetHeight}px`;

  div.onclick = (e) => {
    if (!multiple) {
      const open = div.hasAttribute("data-open");
      e.stopPropagation();
      if (open) {
        div.removeAttribute("data-open");
      } else {
        div.setAttribute("data-open", "");
      }
    }
  };

  div.onkeyup = (event) => {
    event.preventDefault();
    if (event.keyCode === 13) {
      div.click();
    }
  };

  document.addEventListener("click", (e) => {
    if (div.hasAttribute("data-open")) {
      div.removeAttribute("data-open");
    }
  });

  const width = Math.max(
    ...Array.from(options).map((e) => {
      span.innerText = e.label;
      return div.offsetWidth;
    }),
  );

  console.log(width);
  div.style.width = `${width}px`;
}
document.forms[0].onsubmit = (e) => {
  const data = new FormData(this);
  e.preventDefault();
  submit.innerText = JSON.stringify([...data.entries()]);
};


Result

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