Determine Where a Function is Increasing, Decreasing, or Constant

Now that we have more practice graphing and working with equations of functions, we will learn how to describe the behavior of a function over a large interval or by zooming in on a local area where the function's behavior changes.

Use A Graph to Locate the Absolute Maximum and Absolute Minimum

There is a difference between locating the highest and lowest points on a graph in a region around an open interval (locally) and locating the highest and lowest points on the graph for the entire domain. The $y$ - coordinates (output) at the highest and lowest points are called the absolute maximum and absolute minimum, respectively.

To locate absolute maxima and minima from a graph, we need to observe the graph to determine where the graph attains it highest and lowest points on the domain of the function. See Figure 13.

Figure 13

Not every function has an absolute maximum or minimum value. The toolkit function $f(x)=x^{3}$ is one such function.

ABSOLUTE MAXIMA AND MINIMA

The absolute maximum of $f$ at $x=c$ is $f(c)$ where $f(c) \geq f(x)$ for all $x$ in the domain of $f$ . The absolute minimum of $f$ at $x=d$ is $f(d)$ where $f(d) \leq f(x)$ for all $x$ in the domain of $f$ .

EXAMPLE 10

Finding Absolute Maxima and Minima from a Graph

For the function $f$ shown in Figure 14, find all absolute maxima and minima.

Figure 14

Solution

Observe the graph of $f$ . The graph attains an absolute maximum in two locations, $x=-2$ and $x=2$ , because at these locations, the graph attains its highest point on the domain of the function. The absolute maximum is the $y$ -coordinate at $x=-2$ and $x=2$ , which is 16.

The graph attains an absolute minimum at $x=3$ , because it is the lowest point on the domain of the function's graph. The absolute minimum is the $y$ -coordinate at $x=3$ , which is $-10$ .