The eight parts of speech are the main categories of words in English. Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas, while pronouns replace nouns. Verbs show actions or states, and adjectives describe nouns or pronouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Prepositions show relationships between words, conjunctions connect words or ideas, and interjections express strong emotions. These parts of speech work together to form clear and meaningful sentences.