I reviewed the resources about grammatical categories, and I found some sentences that helped me understand how each category works. For example:
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The dog is running in the park.
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She bought a new book yesterday.
From these sentences, I can identify several grammatical categories:
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Nouns: dog, park, book
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Articles: the, a
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Verbs: is running, bought
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Adjectives: new
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Adverbs: yesterday
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Prepositions: in
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Pronouns: she