Conclusions

To promote equitable data sharing, the interests of multiple research stakeholders must be considered and including: (1) the primary researchers, their wider teams, and their institutions, (2) the primary study participants and their communities, (3) secondary users, their wider teams, and their institutions and (4) the broader public that stand to benefit from the knowledge generated through research studies. Equitable data sharing requires investments and efforts from all stakeholders involved. We need to go beyond merely minimising harms to research participants and increase the promotion of the interests of their communities by encouraging data sharing and re-use while protecting the interests of primary researchers and their institutions.