Notes

  1. Marq De Villiers and Sheila Hirtle. 2007. Timbuktu: the Sahara's fabled city of gold. (New York, NY: Walker & Co. ISBN 9780802714978), 3.
  2. Ali A. Mazrui, 2004. The Dual Legacy of Classical Timbuktu. Institute of Global Cultural Studies, SUNY Binghampton. Retrieved May 19, 2008. and Arwin D. Smallwood, Negro History Bulletin (April-September 1999), A History and Native American and African Relations from 1502 to 1900. findarticles.com. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  3. This was especially true after the invention of the Maxim Gun, which played a significant role in the European domination of Africa. As Hillaire Belloc (1870-1953) put it, "Whatever happens we have got The Maxim Gun, and they have not". Hillaire Belloc, 1899. The Modern Traveller. (London, UK: Edward Arnold). [1] books.google. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  4. Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 4.2 G.T Stride and C. Ifeka. 1971. Peoples and Empires of West Africa: West Africa in History 1000-1800. (New York, NY: Africana Pub. Corp. ISBN 0841900698)
  5. Michael A. Bradley, 1992. Dawn Voyage: The Black African Discovery of America. (New York, NY: A & B Books. ISBN 9781881316121).
  6. Michael A. Bradley. 1992 The Columbus Conspiracy. (New York, NY: A & B Books. ISBN 9781881316114).
  7. Leo Wiener. 1992. Africa and the Discovery of America. (New York, NY: A & B Books. ISBN 9781881316022).
  8. John M. O'Sullivan, 1980. "Slavery in the Malinke Kingdom of Kabadougou (Ivory Coast)". The International Journal of African Historical Studies 13(4):633-650. Boston University African Studies Center.
  9. Jump up to: 9.0 9.1 Ian Blanchard. 2001. Mining, Metallurgy, and Minting in the Middle Ages. Vol. 3. Continuing Afro-European Supremacy, 1250-1450. (Stuttgart, DE: Franz Steiner Verlag. ISBN 3515087044), 1119.
  10. Endre Stiansen & Jane I. Guyer. 1999. Credit, Currencies and Culture: African Financial Institutions in Historical Perspective. (Stokholm, SE: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet. ISBN 9171064427), 88.
  11. D. T. Niane. 1975. Recherches sur l'Empire du Mali au Moyen âge. (Paris, FR: Presence Africaine). (in French)
  12. Serge Jodra, 2006. Empire of Mali CosmoVisions. Retrieved May 19, 2008.
  13. Jump up to: 13.0 13.1 Jan Jansen, 1996. "The Representation of Status in Mande: Did the Mali Empire Still Exist in the Nineteenth Century?" History in Africa 23:87-109. via JSTOR.
  14. De Villiers and Hirtle, 172.