PHIL103: Moral and Political Philosophy

Introduction

The restorative justice concept has various meanings – we can even consider it an umbrella-concept, covering many practices, models and programs. 

The restorative justice is frequently perceived as a return to traditional practices, but sometimes is considered to be a new structure, a viable strategy which may contribute to modern justice system improvement. Within the retributive criminal trial, applying a sentence, a penalty, does not mean the offender is aware of the harm he produced, nor does he assume the responsibility for his crime.

Considering the need to identify some adequate answers to prevent and control the crime, some countries have looked for adequate solutions to reduce it. A possible answer came from the introduction in some states' law systems of the restorative justice concept, as an alternate way to solve conflicts.

The restorative justice reassertion has been proved by the increasing number of the restorative justice programs in various countries. Therefore, this program became an integrating component of those systems (in Romania for instance, the unpaid community work does not have its own legal provision, but it is governed a supervision obligation). In other countries, the restorative justice system has already gained a position as an alternative to the official criminal system.

The retributive justice system follows the concept according to which the most important part of the justice act is to establish the offender's guilt and to punish him according to the seriousness of his crime, to the damage brought to the victim and community. The illicit act is a violation of a legal and social standard, thus being directed against the state.

The restorative justice is based on the traditional concept which states that those who victimize someone must accept the responsibility of his doing, re-establish the balance, and cover the losses or damage he brought to his victim and to whole community. The greatest attention is given to the type of the affected social relations, and to what must be done in order to repair them.

The restorative justice aims to heal the affective wounds and to compensate the damage. The punishment as element of the retributive justice system is translated here as the offender's work to realize that he broke the social standard, by assuming the accountability for his act. Unlike the retributive justice, where the offender's punishment and isolation are emphasized, through the penalty regarding the deprivation of liberty or the restrictive and educational measures, the restorative justice suggests to identify the ways to reinstate and harmoniously reintegrate the offender into the community.

This type of justice focuses on the damage repair and restitution by the offender, so that he might assume the responsibility for his crime. It emphasizes the increasing role of the victim and the community members, making the offender accountable, repairing the material and affective damage suffered by the victim, and offering new opportunities for discussion, negotiation and solving the conflict.

Restorative Justice – Mandatory Characters

The discussion above suggests the restorative justice bases itself on responsibility, self-involvement, straightness, community view, damage repair, avoiding the discrimination, restitution and early prevention.

These concepts, which define the restorative justice, emphasize the functionality principles of this institution, such as:

• the crime is a interpersonal conflict, which affects the victim, the community, and even the offender;
• the restorative justice implies a free-content agreement regarding the nature, the amount of the damage, and the way to repair it;
• the restorative justice system allows to victim, to offender and to community to take part to the procedures, at the expense of the role of the state authority.

Through its implementation procedure, the restorative justice guarantees the repair of the damage caused to the victim, as the offender contact to the community. This contact allows him to see the consequences of his acts through the view of those who affected. Putting him face to face to his victim (both directly and indirectly – the family members, for instance) is a real social therapy, which awakes the sense of accountability.

On the other hand, it is precisely this conflict victim-offender which gave birth to a sum of judgments, including the questioning of its effectiveness, by comparison to the retributive system. Also, it has been considered that the victim-offender relation might lead the offender to acknowledge his mistake and to assume the responsibility only superficially, trying to avoid the impact of the severe legal provisions. Moreover, although the offender expressed his willing to participate to a restorative justice program, he might actually try to expose his own motivation leading him to perpetrate.

This situation may lead to a secondary victimization of the victim. Last but not least, there are other objections regarding the lack of balance between the penalty and the gravity of the crime, and the fact that these restorative practices do not intimidate the offender. For example, in some cases – severe crimes as rape – the restorative justice can't repair almost anything, as the victim continues dealing with negative feelings as fear, depression and anxiety.

Tony Marshall stated one of the restorative justice definitions that has become largely known in comparison to the others (1997). It has been adopted as a work instrument for the 10th UN Congress Resolution for the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice System, and states, "The restorative justice represent an approach to solve the problems that crime started, by involving all those affected by it, and with an active participation of the state organisms who are responsible of dealing the crime". Marshall believes that the restorative justice is not a practice, but a set of principles which might guide the groups dealing with crime practices.

The restorative justice has the following main targets:

• to answer to any need – financial, emotional or social – the victim may have (directly and indirectly, including those who are close to the victim, which may also be affected), need which has a causality relation with the crime;
• to seek to reinstate the offender in the community, thus preventing the relapse;
• to determine the offender to assume responsibility for his acts;
• to reduce the costs generated by the traditional justice system, to avoid overloading the courts, and to guarantee swiftness to the process.

John Braithwaite specifies that the purpose of the restorative justice is to involve the victim, the offender, and largely all the community members in the process of restoring the affected social relations. He calls this process the reinstatement ceremony. He also considers that we cannot speak of restorative justice if the material restitution of the damage caused to victim, the emotional and affective recovery, and the restore of his feelings of security, dignity and self-esteem are not accomplished. But the reinstatement of the offender into community is equally important. Does the retributive justice system ensure the offender's reintegration into community?

Daniel van Ness defines the restorative justice as a "justice theory, focused on repairing the harm produced or revealed by the criminal behavior; the best way to accomplish it is through cooperation and involvement processes".

In Howard Zehr and Harry Mikaopinion, "the restorative justice tries to heal and to repair the harm brought to the victim". The crime appears as a "damage produced to people and personal relations, which creates obligations and responsibilities.

Also, the restorative justice is considered as "a social and political authority offering an alternate resolution for conflicts, focused on restoring the micro-social relations affected by this conflict, through some participative practices, and some concepts and values meant to enlarge the tolerance into the pluralist micro-social area".

The common feature of the various definitions developed for the restorative justice concept is the fact that the restorative justice relies on programs following the reconciliation between victim and offender and the search of adequate solutions, in order to repair the damage the crime produced. The restorative justice suggests a change of view as against the classical justice system, starting from the idea of a participative approach in resolving the conflict and repairing the damage.

The new criminal philosophy starts from the idea that all the parties should be involved to the response to crime: the victim, the offender and the community. Inside this criminal philosophy, the responsibility is based on the offender's acknowledgement of the harm he produced, on the accountability acceptance, and on the repair of the damage produced. This system encourages the direct involvement from the victim and the offender to resolve the conflict, through discussion and negotiation, in the presence and assisted by a third party.

Conclusions

Therefore, one of the features of the restorative justice concept resides precisely in the idea to encourage both the victim and the offender to involve themselves directly into the conflict settlement, through dialogue and negotiation. Although there are a number of different practices, depending on the country and the law provisions, all the restorative justice programs are based on the victim-offender mediation. Whether they are called mediation or reconciliation, whether they are imposed or not to the offenders, whether they conclude or not with an agreement or a contract between the two parties, the action taken to this end forms the content of the restorative justice notion.

Source: Monica Pocora, http://journals.univ-danubius.ro/index.php/administratio/article/view/3155/3083
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