ARTH101: Art Appreciation

Hancock Tower, Chicago (photo: jochemberends, CC: BY-NC-SA 2.0)

Walking amidst the endless crowd of tall buildings in Chicago's downtown neighborhoods, the 21st-century viewer, overwhelmed by the colossal Hancock Tower (1970), almost misses the comparatively stocky, whole-block office buildings and stores in Chicago's Loop that first gave rise to the term "skyscraper" in the late 19th century. At the intersection of State and Madison Streets, however, one building with large glass windows and a rounded corner entryway covered with lavish decoration stands out. In contrast to its relatively plain neighbors, the pedestrian's eye is immediately attracted to the structure's bronze-colored ground floor and broad white façade stretching 12 stories above it. This is Louis Sullivan's Carson, Pirie, Scott building, a department store constructed in two stages in 1899 and 1903-04.

Louis Sullivan, Carson, Pirie, Scott Building, 1899 and 1903-04, Chicago (photo: Scott Fisher, CC: BY-NC 2.0)

Sullivan's building is an important example of early Chicago skyscraper architecture and can also be seen as a fascinating indicator of the relationship between architecture and commerce. The firm of Adler & Sullivan first became known in Chicago in the early 1880s for the design of the Auditorium Building (see below) and other landmarks utilizing new methods of steel frame construction and a uniquely American blend of Art Nouveau decoration with a simplified monumentality.

Dankmar Adler & Louis Sullivan, Auditorium Building, 1889, Chicago

By the mid-1890s, Sullivan struck out on his own and wrote his treatise on skyscraper architecture, "The Tall Office Building Artistically Considered," in 1896. In it, Sullivan analyzed the problem of high-rise commercial architecture, arguing with his famous phrase "form must ever follow function" that a building's design must reflect the social purpose of a particular space.

Louis Sullivan, Carson, Pirie, Scott Building, Chicago (while still Schlesinger & Mayer, with original cornice and before addition  at right)

Sullivan illustrates this philosophy by describing an ideal tripartite skyscraper. First, there should be a base level with a ground floor for businesses that require easy public access, light, and open space, and a second story that is publicly accessible by stairways. These floors should then be followed by an infinite number of stories for offices, designed to look all the same because they serve the same function. Finally, the building should be topped with an attic story and a distinct cornice line to mark its endpoint and set it apart from other buildings within the cityscape. For Sullivan, the characteristic feature of a skyscraper was that it was tall, so the building's design should serve that goal by emphasizing its upward momentum.

Louis Sullivan, The Wainwright Building, 1891, St. Louis (photo: Tom Bastin, CC: BY 2.0)

By the turn of the century, Sullivan adapted these ideas to a new context, a department store for the Schlesinger & Mayer company that was soon purchased by Carson, Pirie, Scott. In contrast to Sullivan's earlier office buildings (like the 1891 Wainwright Building in St. Louis - image left), Carson, Pirie, Scott in downtown Chicago was intended to meet its patron's needs in a much different way. Instead of emphasizing the beehive of identical windows meant to reflect the identical work taking place in each individual office in the Carson Pirie Scott building, Sullivan highlighted instead the lower street-level section and entryway to draw shoppers into the store. This was done in a number of ways. The windows on the ground floor, displaying the store's products, are much larger than those above. The three doors of the main entrance were placed within a rounded bay on the corner of the site so they are visible from all directions approaching the building.

Detail of corner entrance, Louis Sullivan, Carson, Pirie, Scott Building, 1899 and 1903-04, Chicago (photo: Chris Smith, CC: BY-NC-SA 2.0)

The corner entryway and the entire base section are differentiated from the spare upper stories by a unified system of extremely ornate decoration. The cast-iron ornament contains the same highly complicated, delicate, organic, and floral motifs that had become hallmarks of Sullivan's design aesthetic. For Sullivan, the decorative program served as a functional project as well, to distinguish the building from those surrounding it and to make the store attractive to potential customers.

Detail of corner entrance, Louis Sullivan, Carson, Pirie, Scott Building, 1899 and 1903-04, Chicago (photo: Dauvit Alexander, CC: BY-NC-SA 2.0)

The upper parts of the Carson, Pirie, Scott building also reflect Sullivan's adaptation of his skyscraper theory to a department store. Each successive story of the white terra-cotta façade contains identical windows, in this case, the three-sectioned "Chicago" window common to late 19th-century skyscrapers in the city. There is an overhanging cornice at the very top that seems to signify the end of the building's ascent and makes the slightly set-back attic level distinct from the broad mid-section and the dark cast-iron decoration of the base level.

Detail of terracotta exterior with "Chicago" windows at right, Louis Sullivan, Carson, Pirie, Scott Building, 1899 and 1903-04, Chicago (photo: Kevin Zolkiewicz, CC: BY-NC-SA 2.0)

Unlike Sullivan's office buildings, however, the building's primary thrust is horizontal rather than vertical. Sullivan's design emphasizes the long, uninterrupted lines running under each window from each side of the building toward the entry bay, while the decorative base at the bottom and the cornice line at the top flow seamlessly around the corner.

Open floorplan

The wide rectangular window frames and relatively squat twelve-story frame were intended to meet the specific requirements of a department store, whose mission called for expansive open spaces to display products to customers, not endless individual offices.

Reconstructed cornice detail, Louis Sullivan, Carson, Pirie, Scott Building, 1899 and 1903-04, Chicago

Some later critics like Lewis Mumford and Sigfried Giedion viewed the lower, ornamental section of Sullivan's Carson, Pine, Scott building as an uncomfortable disruption to the stripped-down, planar style they favored. Nevertheless, the building's continuous operation well into the 21st century speaks not only to the prestige of Sullivan's name but also to the sustained value of architecture as a corporate symbol.

Terracotta detail, Louis Sullivan, Carson, Pirie, Scott, 1899, 1903-04,  Chicago (photo: Steve Minor, all rights reserved, by permission)

With its elaborate decorative program and attention paid to the functional requirements of retail architecture, Sullivan's design was a remarkably successful display for the department store's products, even if it diverged from the wholly vertical effect of his earlier skyscrapers.

Source: Margaret Herman, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/ap-art-history/later-europe-and-americas/modernity-ap/a/sullivan-carson-pirie-scott-building
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